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Copyright N° 



COPiWGHT DEPOSIT. 



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DODGE'S GEOGRAPHY 
OF MICHIGAN 



By 



Mark Jefferson 



7 2^ 

Professor of Gcogrophy, the Michigan State Normal College, Ypsilanti, Michigan 



Part I 

MICHIGAN AS A WHOLE 

Part II 

THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES 

Part III 

STATISTICS AND AIDS TO TEACHERS 




CHICAGO NEW YORK LONDON 

RAND McNALLY & COMPANY 






Bobgt's (§coarapI)ical Merits 

By Richard Elwood Dodge 

Professor of Geography, Teachers College^ Columbia University^ New York City 



Dodge's Two-Book Series of Geography 
DODGERS ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY ... $ .65 

Special Method: Causal Relations treated by induction. Reason- 
ing from consequences to causes. 

PART /—HOME GEOGRAPHY 

Central Thought: The relation of the individual pupil to all parts 
of his country, showing the interdependence 01 people commercially 
and industrially. 

PART //—WORLD RELATIONS AND THE 
CONTINENTS 
Central Thought: The relation of the individual pupil to the 
world as a whole, showing the interdependence of nations com- 
mercially and industrially, and placing special emphasis on the 
lives and occupations of the people. 

DODGE'S ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY $1.20 

Special Mdkod: Causa] Relations treated by deduction. Reason. 
ing trom causes to consequences. 



THE PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHY 

The dependence of life and industry on physi- 



PART /— 

Central Thought. 
cal environment. 

PART 7/— COMPARATIVE GEOGRAPHY OF THE 
CONTINENTS 
Central Thought: Commerce and industry as well as political 
divisions the outgrowth of physical conditions, the reasons there- 
for, and comparisons of these and other points in the various 
countries. 



Dodge's Geography by Grades 

Book One. HOME GEOGRAPHY AND WORLD 

RELATIONS $ .35 

PART /—HOME GEOGRAPHY 
Central Thought: The relation of the individual pupil to all 
parts of his country, showing the interdependence of people com- 
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PART //—WORLD RELATIONS 
Central Thought: The relation of the individual pupil to the 
world as a whole, showing the interdependence ol nations commer- 
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Book Two. ELEMENTS OF CONTINENTAL GEOG- 
RAPHY $ .50 

Special emphasis on the lives and occupations of people. 
Special Method Books One ar.d Tu'o: Causal Relations treatea 
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Book Three. PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHY AND 
NORTH AMERICA $ .75 

Central Thought: The dependence of life and industry on physi- 
cal environment. 

Book Four. COMPARATIVE GEOGRAPHY OF THE 
CONTINENTS S .70 

Central Thought: Commerce and industry as well as political 
divisions the outgrowth of physical conditions, the reasons theref-- 
and comparisons of these and other points in the various coun*: . 

Special Method Books Three and Four: Causal Relation'- t-ai ■ : 
by deduction. Reasoning from causes to consequence' 



GENERAL CRITICS FOR BOTH SERIES 

y. PAUL'GOODE, Assistant Professor oi Geography, the University of Chica^ro, and 

ELLEN C. SEMPLE, author of "American History and Its Geograpliic Conditions." Louisvi'lo, K-. 

SPECIAL CRITICS FOR THE ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY AND BOOKS I. AND II. B"i' 

AMY SCHVSSLER. Principal of Sneyer School. Teachers College. New Yor*, and 
ANNA F. STONE. Principal of Grammar School No. lo, Binghamton, N. \. 

SPECIAL CRITICS FOR THE ADVANCED GEOGRAPHY AND BOOKS III. AND IV. BY GRADES 

ELIZABETH SMITH. Department of Geography, the Chicago Normal School, and 

CAROLINE W. HOTCHKISS. Seventh Grade, Horace Mann School, Teachers College, ^-^ York. 



Copyright, igio 
By Rand, McNally & Co. 



Chicago 



€-CI.A2781S:9 






THE INTRODUCTION 

'^ T TOME Geography is usually the first work to be taken up in any study of geography 

^ l~H because beginning students need to know first the geography of the locality in which 

they live, in which they are most interested, and with which they are most familiar 

^^^Vfrom personal experience. The results gained from a study of the region they can see gives 

i them the ability to understand remote regions that can only be pictured or described to them. 

Because our own home locality is of most interest to us is also a reason why we need to know 

it better than wc need to know any other region of the world. Hence at some time during 

the school course it is most valuable to make a careful study of the state or group of states in 

which we live that we may have a better understanding of the geography about us than we 

can get from the necessarily brief accounts given in a text-book of geography. 

In a text-book of geography we study the relation of one state or group of states to the 
whole country of which our home region is a part, and our commercial relations to the world 
as a whole. It follows that in such a treatment the characteristics that distinguish our own 
home regions must largely be lost to sight in the consideration of the great features that 
distinguish the country as a whole. 

In a special text-book devoted to one state or group of states we can learn more about 
our OYfTi region, its important surface features, its climate, the occupations of its people, iti 
products, its local commerce, its history, its chief cities, and many other features of great 
interest to us. Hence we need to make a special study of our home locality after we have 
studied the larger region of which it is an important part. A local geography is not only 
valuable for study in school that we may know well the region about us, but it is valuable 
also as a reference volume to which we can refer for facts about our own state in our homes 
whenever in our reading or conversation some question arises concerning our own state which 
needs to be answered at once. 

In this text-book the surface features, the climate, the soil and other natural resources 
which determine the occupations of the people are studied first because they are the large 
, atures which determine the distribution and success of industries. One of the great lessons 
die student learns in geography is Man's absolute dependence upon Nature for his existence. 
i;- is state, as in other regions, topography and cHmate pointed out the path of development 
■-..a- c •■nimunities must follow in order to make sure their existence within its borders. In the 
pages ti at follow, the student finds traced the fundamental conditions that have moulded the 
''■''' if thi'' state. After these come the historical events that are landmarks in its growth, and 
;. the 'icudy of the industrial and commercial features is taken up. To these, which explain 
1 _asons for the development and growth of the larger cities, and which show us why our 

own region is important to the country as a whole, careful attention has been given. 

Certam facts like the distribution and character of educational institutions, the distribution 
of congressional districts, and the form of government in the region are included, because our 
knowledge of our own locality would be incomplete without them. These fittingly illustrate 
the political unity that binds together the interests of all the individuals who form the body- 
politic which we call the state. 

That this book may prove especially valuable as a reference work which may properly 
be made a part of the family library for constant consultation on many points, carefully 
prepared diagrams, tables of statistics, and references to further reading have been included. 

RICHARD ELWOOD DODGE. 



The Introduction 



THE TABLE OF CONTENTS 



PART I. MICHIGAN AS A WHOLE 



PAGE 

Surface and Drainage 7 

Climate ...11 

Agriculture 13 

Minerals 16 

Forests 19 



Manufactures 
Commerce . 
History . 
Education . 



PAGE 

21 
22 

25 
27 



PART II. THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES AND TOWNS 



Development of the City or Town 30 

Detroit and Near-by Cities 36 

Saginaw Valley and Lake Huron Towns . . -37 
Grand River Valley Towns 40 



Towns of the Kalamazoo Valley 42 

Lake Michigan Towns 43 



Towns of the Northern Peninsula 



43 



PART III. STATISTICS AND AIDS TO TEACHERS 



Statistics of the State of Michigan by Counties, 
Federal Census of igoo and igio, State Census 
of 1904 45 

Population of Michigan, Rank of State, and Den- 
sity per Square Mile, at Each Federal Census 
from iSiotoigio 46 

State or Country of Birth of Population of Michi- 
gan, Federal Census for 1900 46 

Population of the Leading Cities and Towns of 
Michigan, at each Federal Census from 1850 to 
1900, and State Census, 1904 46 

Value of Agricultural Products of Michigan, Fed- 
eral Census of 1900 and Year Book, U. S. 
Department of Agriculture, 1908 .... 46 



Value of Live Stock in Michigan, Federal Census of 
1900 and Year Book, U. S. Department of 
Agriculture, 1908 

The Leading Manufacturing Cities of Michigan and 
Some Facts Concerning their Industries, 
Federal Census of 1900 and Census Bulletin 18, 
I9°4 ... 

Some of the Leading Industries of Michigan and 
the Value of their Products, from the Federal 
Census of 1900 and Census Bulletin 18, 1904 

The Principal Items of Michigan's Wealth, United 
States Bureau of Statistics, 1900-1904 . 

The Index 



47 



47 



47 

47 
48 



A LIST OF THE MAPS AND DIAGRAMS 



Distribution of Hard Old Rocks of the Mining 

Covintry and Flat Rocks of the Farm Region . 7 

A Political Map of Michigan S-9 

A Physical Map of Michigan 12 



The Cass and Tittabawassee rivers join the Sagi- 
naw. The St. Joseph and St. Marys join the 



Maumee . . '4 

St. Lawrence Drainage and Old Portage Sites . .15 



(4) 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 



A LIST OF THE MAPS AND DIAGRAMS — Contimied 



Map Showing Mineral Resources and Lines of 

Transportation, 1903 

A Hot Day in Summer 

A Cold Day in Winter 

Rainfall of Michigan, 1880- 1904 

Sugar-beet Production and Factories in 1903 

The Sugar Crop of the United States in igo8, in 

Thousands of Long Tons 

The Yield of Small Fruits in 1902, in Millions of 

Btishels 

The Yield of Grapes in 1902, in Millions of Pounds 

The Yield of Cereals in Michigan for Six Decades, 

1840-1900, and for 1908, in Millions of Bushels 

The Growth of Population in Michigan for Seven 

Decades, 1840-1910, in Millions 
The Yield of Wheat per Square Mile in 1 902 
Number of Hogs per Square Mile in 1902 
Number of Sheep per Square Mile in 1902 
Number of Cattle per Square Mile in 1902 
The Yield of Oats per Square Mile in 1902 
The Yield of Corn per Square Mile in 1902 
The Yield of Potatoes per Square Mile in 1 902 
The Northwest Territory of 1 787 
The Iron Ore Mined in Michigan for Each Ten 
Years from i860 to 1900, and from 1900 to 

1907, in Millions of Tons 

The Amount of Copper Ore Mined in Michigan in 
Each Ten Years from 1850 to 1900, and from 
1900 to 1907, in Thovisands of Long Tons . 



17 
iS 
18 

19 
20 



22 
23 
23 
24 
24 
25 
25 
26 



27 



Coal Mined in Michigan for Each Five Years from 

1893 to 1903, and in 1907, in Millions of Tons 28 
Thr Amount of Cement Manufactured in Michigan 
for Each Two Years from 1896 to 1902, and in 
1903 and 1907, in Millions of Barrels . . 28 
The Value of the Mineral Products of Michigan in 

1907, in Millions of Dollars 28 

Distribution of Forests in 1905 28 

Lumber Cut in 1904 29 

The Amount of Salt Produced in Michigan for Each 
Ten Years from 1870 to 1900, and for the 
Years 1902, 1903, and 1907, in Millions of 

Barrels 29 

A Comparison of the Amount of Foreign and Do- 
mestic Freight Passing in 1907, in Millions 

of Tons 29 

Cities of More than 10.000 in 1905 30 

A Map of the Northern Peninsula of Michigan . . 31 
A Map of the Southern Peninsula of Michigan 32-33 
Map Showing Distribution of Population and 

Density per Square Mile 34 

The Organization of County Government -35 

A Map of the Detroit River and Vicinity ... 36 

Saginaw 1909 37 

Bay City with the Wards of 1904 38 

Grand Rapids ... 40 

Jackson 1909 41 

Kalamazoo 1909 42 

Battle Creek 43 



A LIST OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS 



Giant Stairway and Fairy Arch, Mackinac Island 

Frontispiece 
Street in Negaunee where Ledges of Rock Occur 

Everywhere 10 

Rocky Hill near Marquette 10 

A View of Negaunee Dike from on Top .11 

Scene in North Channel near Killamey, Canada, 

among the 30,000 Islands of Georgian Bay 11 

A View of Aurora Mine at Ironvvood 13 

Rock Falls near Harbor Beach 13 

View of Point Aux Barques, Lake Huron . 13 

A View of the Cliffs at Petoskey 14 

On the Portage, Temagami Region, Canada . . 16 



Old Hudson Bay Post, Sault Ste. Marie . 
View of a Sugar-beet Field near Blissfield 
Scene in a Peach Orchard near South Haven 
A Threshing Scene in a Fanning District 

Michigan 

Among the Pines on the DeWard Estate . 
A Modern Freight Boat of the Great Lakes . 
The Law Building of the State University 

Ann Arbor 

One of the Deep Wells at Saginaw . 

Among the Jack Pines of Roscommon County 

A View of the State Agricultural College at Lansing 

Locking a 500-footer through the Soo Locks 



at 



PAGE 
16 



26 

27 



37 
38 
39 
41 
44 




Giant's Stairway and Fairy Arch, Mackinac Island, 



t'rom II photograph, H. J. RpsBiter 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 

By Mark Jefferson, Professor of Geography, the Michigan State Normal College, Ypsilanti, Michigan. 



I. MICHIGAN AS A WHOLE 
Michigan is a large state, with great natural 
resources, likely in the future to support a 
population little inferior to that of the largest 
state. (Fig. 2.) In a new country like 
ours, the near places are first occupied, the 
easiest things 
first done. It 
is for this rea- 
son and the 
great impor- 
tance that 
contact with 
Europe has 
had for us in 
the past that 
the states of 
the Atlantic 
seaboard have 
proceeded so 
much farther 
in developing 
their resour- 
ces than the 
newer com- 
munities of 
the West. 
There are to- 
day eighteen 
states larger 
than Michi- 




^i3 HarJ Old Rocks 



Fig. 



gan. but most of them are west of the looth 
meridian, and many of them are limited for 
human occupancy by scanty rainfall. (Adv. 
Geog., Fig. 188.) In parts of our state the 
rainfall is ligh.t, but everywhere it is suffi- 
cient for successful agriculture. (Fig. 19.) 
Though lying far to the north, the lakes 
diminish the rigor of an interior climate, yet 



it is in that invigorating zone of spells of 
weather, now hot, now cold, now wet, now 
dry, in which are found the most prosperous 
and progressive peoples, the whole world 
over. (Adv. Geog., Fig. 74.) 

Surface and Drainage. The Great Lakes 
region, of which Michigan forms a part, has 

very different 
characters in 
the north and 
south. (Fig. 
I.) The for- 
ested north 
abounds in 
game, but thin 
soil, among 
innumerable 
rocky knobs 
(Figs. 3 and 
4), discour- 
ages human 
settlement. 
Were it not for 
the valuable 
ores found in 
its rocks it 
might be still 
a wilderness. 
This is the 
land of mining 
(Fig. 16), of 
lumbering 
( Fig. 45) , and of hunting and summer vaca- 
tion outings. Farther south a deeper soil 
cloaks the ledges and permits an agriculture 
that attracts a great population. The maps 
showing distribution of population (Fig. 51) 
and of farm and forest products show the sub- 
division of the region A'ery plainly. (Figs. 
21, 27. 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, and 45. > The 



( I Flaf Rocks 

Copn'S*"*. 1^1". by Mfcrk Jefferson 



Distribution of hard old rocks of the mining country and flat rochs 
of the farm region. 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 




THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 




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THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 



in waterfalls of much 

beauty. It is in these old 

rocks that the ores of iron 

and copper occur in veins, 

seams, and pockets. They 

have been deeply buried in 

the past, and it now has 

become possible to get at 

them near the surface, 

because so much of the 

upper part of the ledges 

has been worn off. (Fig. 

8.) When the veins are 

followed, however, they 

lead the shafts sometimes 

a mile down into the 

ground, as in some of 

the great copper mines. 

Because of the coating of 

drift or soft ground rock 

from the north, the ledges of the southern 

area are little seen. They nowhere make hills 

above the surface like those so common in 

the north, but must be looked for in the 

beds of rivers, or at the shores of the lakes 

where running water or the waves have 

bared them. (Fig. 9.) Rarely do they come 

near enough the surface of the country to be 

quarried from above, as at Trenton and 

Maybee in the sf)utheastern part of the state. 



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CofjTl^t, 1910. by Mark Jefferaon 

Fig. 3. Street in Negaunee xchcre ledges oj rock 

occur everywhere. In tJiis respect tlie 

north is like New England. 



and in larger areas near 
Alpena. At the northern 
end of the Thumb (Figs. 2 
and 10) and about Grand 
Traverse Bay (Fig. 11), 
they form cliffs that rise 
from the water to a con- 
siderable height. 

There are hills and 
ridges in the southern 
region, but not of rock. 
These are masses of clav, 
sand, or gravel, left some- 
what irregularly on the 
country by the melting of 
the ice sheets that had 
moved slowly from the 
northern area with quan- 
tities of the softer rock 
fragments they had been 
able to scrape off from there imbedded in their 
lower layers. In the hollows among these 
hills and ridges lie the innumerable lakelets 
that dot the surface of the lower peninsula. 
(Fig. 2.) The curious backward fashion in 
which the Cass and Tittabawassee rivers join 
the Saginaw (Fig. 12) is due to the presence 
of low ridges of this nature running about 
parallel to the shores of Saginaw Bay. The 
same thing is seen in the way the Maumee 







Fig. 4 Rocky hill nca 



r M arquettc , This is n knob of greenstone schist. 



THE GEOGRAPHY OP MICHIGAN 



II 




Fig. 5. 



Copyright, 1910, hy Mwk Jefferaon 

.4 View of Negaunee dike from on top 



in northeastern Indiana 
receives its tributaries, the 
St. Marys and the St. 
Joseph. (Fig. 1 2 and Adv. 
Geog., Fig. 252.) The 
present Great Lakes did 
not exist before the 
glaciers came over this 
region. They began their 
existence when the ice 
sheets first melted back 
from the moraine ridges. 
At first they had for their 
northern shores the ice 
itself, melting back slowly 
as the air grew warmer, 
and the level of the lakes 
changed as the water 
escaped by lower and lower 
notches in the morainic 
rim. Many beaches of these older Great 
Lakes are found throughout the state, and 
the ancient outlets are still plain to see, 
though now without water. In them are 
the easy portages between neighboring drain- 
age basins (Fig. 13), the natural location for 
growing towns, of which Fort Wayne (No. 4) 
and Chicago (No. 2) are good examples. 
Towns named Port- 
age now stand in two 
of these outlets (No, 
i) in Wisconsin and 
(No. 5) in Ohio (Fig. 
13). New York has 
grown because of the 
Oswego -Albany out- 
let across the Alle- 
ghenies, the only low 
passage from the 
interior to the Atlan- 
tic seaboard. (Adv. 
Geog., Fig. 189.) 

The St. Lawrence 
passage is dangerous ~ ;: ,, , ^, , iw.., i-..., ivp, . o^r r » 

. . . Fig. 6. Scene m \'orth Channel near hulorucy.Cntiailn. 

and icebound in wm- among the 30,000 islands of Georgian Bay. 




ter. All but a tiny patch 
of the Northern Peninsula 
of Michigan drains to the 
St, Lawrence, as the drain- 
age map shows. (Fig. 13.) 
The point where the divide 
is nearest the lakes, except 
on the high land along 
Lake Erie, is at Cliicago, 
in the line of one of the 
largest of these old out- 
lets. This was early found 
to be the easiest portage 
to the Mississippi, and 
Chicago owes the begin- 
nings of its growth to 
that fact. Nicollet, who 
founded the settlement at 
Sault Ste. Marie in 1635 
(Fig. 15), came to the 
lakes by the Ottawa River, making a 
portage (Fig. 14) to Lake Nipissing on the 
80th meridian a little north of the 46th 
parallel. (No. 6, Fig. 13.) This was also 
Marquette's route and that of aU the earlier 
French explorers, as the route by Lake Erie 
was not known for many years, lying in the 
territory of the warlike Hurons. It is for 

this reason and the 
divergence at Mack- 
inac of the routes to 
Lake vSuperior in the 
north and the Missis- 
sippi in the south 
that Mackinac Island 
was so important in 
the early days. 

Climate. The tem- 
perature of the coim- 
try about the Great 
Lakes is affected by 
the temperature of 
the lakes, especially 
within a mile or two 
of their shores. The 



12 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 



I 




l::&^-7 



water temperature varies greatly with their 
depth. Almost a third of Lake Superior has 
its bottom below the level of the sea, the 
surface being 602 feet above. (Fig. 7.) 
The water in these depths is always cold, 
almost down to freezing, as is the water in 
tlie depths of northern Lake Huron and 
Lake Michigan, the northern half of each 
being the deeper. (Fig. 7.) It often hap- 
pens on the south shore of Lake Superior 
in summer 
that the wind 
blows from 
the land out 
over the lake. 
At such times 
the water near 
shore at once 
becomes very 
cold. Bathers 
on all the 
lakes notice 
this with off- 
shore winds. 
The wind has 
pushed the 
surface water 
before it out 
into the lake 
and bottom 
water has 
come up to 
take its place. 
In each of the 
lakes, too, the 





;'f;>;^;- 




■ -y 


/ ' 
/ 

/ 


1 
1 





\ Above 400 ft. r j ynnf/. 
I 1^00//. 

Pig. 7. 



surface water is much colder over the deeper 
places than elsewhere, notably out in the 
depths of Lake Superior; but also in the 
northern part of Lake Michigan, where a "cold 
island" of surface water is so well known to 
masters of vessels that they make a practice of 
taking their drinking water there. (Fig. 7.) 
As the winds often blow from the lakes to 
the shore, summer heats near the deep lakes 
are much reduced by the low temperature of 



the water, while the lowest possible tempera- 
ture of winter water is 32 degrees, much 
above the temperatures that prevail on 
shore at that season. Even shallow lakes 
like St. Clair do not heat up in the summer 
sun like the neighboring land. Water uses 
much of the heat that comes to it for 
evaporation, and does not heat up so 
readily as solids do. The result is that all 
the lakes tend to stay at one temperature 
r — -z ~:j^ ,, .„ ,0 „ - ,s I the year 

'..' round, and 
the shores 
have an 
evener and a 
more temper- 
ate climate 
than places 
farther back. 
The maps of a 
hot summer 
day and a cold 
winter day on 
the lakes show 
the extreme 
temperatures 
of their season 
all over this 
part of thr 
country. 
(Figs. 1 7 and 
18.) It is seen 
that the lake 
shores are 
least affected. 
As the winds prevail from the west, easterly 
shores are milder than western ones. 

Though Michigan lies on the border of the 
well-watered part of the United States, it 
has everywhere sufficient rainfall for success- 
ful agriculture. (Adv. Geog., Fig. 188.) The 
average rainfall is about thirty-five inches 
(Fig. 1 9) , heavier to the south and in patches 
east of the lakes. An examination of the 
relief map (Fig. 7) will show that where the 







• \,yi,.i'. 9miM'Jk'''ai» M\ .'■ ^ 



^SSZ l.ooofl. ^^ i^soofl. ^sam t.txxift. ]■■ l.qooft. 
: ~. sc\i Uvel ^^ bcloiv sea level 

Copyright, 1010, bj KUrk JefferBon 

A physical map oj Michigan. 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 



13 




Fig. 8. A view of Aurora 
Mine at Ironwood. 

west \Yinds blow from the 
lakes on high ground 
the rainfall is greater. See 
in the Grand Traverse 
region and in southern 
Ontario. There is a little 
more rain in summer than 
in winter, but wet spells 
of a few days' duration 
occur throughout the year. 
The winds that bring the 
rain are mostly the south- 
easterly and southerly 
ones from the Atlantic and 
Gulf of Mexico. 

Agriculture. Theclimatt 
of Michigan is particularly 
favorable for the growth 
of sugar beets and small 
fruits. Sugar beets are a 
\evy important crop, only Colorado and 
California of our states leading Michigan in 
this industry. (Figs. 20 and 22.) The chief 
center of production here is in the Saginaw 
Valley, a little to the north of the grain region. 
(Fig. 21.) The state has sixteen factories, 
which produced 76,000 tons of beet sugar in 
1908. (Fig. 22.) Formerly all the sugar of 
the world was made from sugar cane, which 
will only grow in the tropics. In 1852 the 
world's production of sugar included less 
than 200,000 tons made from beets. In 1903 
6,000,000 tons were beet sugar in a total of 




10,500,000. The reason for this change is to 
be found in the fact that in the tropics it is 
difficult to carry on industrial establishments 
with success because of the inefficiency and 
want of energy of the laborers. This makes 
their labor, though cheap in money, really 
very costly. Coal is also wanting in most 
cane-growing countries. The difficulty is 
industrial rather than agricultural. ]\Iichi- 
gan built her first sugar factory in 1897, and 
the results attained are doubtless only the 
beginnings of larger things 
in the future. It ma)^ be 
that the w'estern counties, 
tempered by winds that 
prevail from Lake Michi- 
gan, will prove most suit- 
able for this culture. The 
beet is said to require a 
summer temperature of 70 
degrees. California has its 
summer similarly tempered 
by winds from the Pacific, 
which enable it to escape 
late spring frosts. It is 
doubtless due to these west 
winds and their moist air 
that the southwest coun- 
ties have come to be known 
as the fruit belt of the 



Fig. g. Rock Falls, 
near Harbor Beach. 



r Mftrk JetlcrsoD 




Fig. 10 View of Point aux riarip(cs. Lake Huron. 



14 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 



Fig. 



state. Prominent among 
them are Allegan, Berrien, 
Kent, Ottawa, and Van 
Buren (Fig. 2), which pro- 
duce among them nearly 
two-thirds of the fruit 
raised in the state, except 
apples, which are raised 
everywhere. (Fig. 23.) 
Michigan produced more 
than 4,000,000 bushels of 
strawberries, blackberries, 
raspberries, peaches, pears, 
plums, and cherries in 
1902. More than two and 
one-half million of these 
were raised in the five 
counties named, and thirty 
of the thirty-four million 
pounds of grapes. (Figs. 
23 and 24.) Not merely 
do the lake winds by their warmth prevent 
frosts in May, but they also temper the March 
warm spells so that buds do not swell too 
early. (Fig. 25.) Lake Michigan here literally 
blows hot and cold, or rather warm and cool, 
the fact being that the lake water changes less 
in temperature than 
the land and so moder- 
ates extreme tempera- 
tures on shore, either 
of heat or cold. Apples 
have not the same 
sensitiveness to tem- 
perature nor have the 
fruit counties any lead 
in their production. 
They grow all over 
the southern half 
of the lower penin- 
sula, the crop in 
1902 amounting to 
11,000,000 bushels. It 
must be remembered 
that we are dealing 







i 


&■■■-■ * 'ifiii ittiiifif i I 


ii 




^^^^^J^^^^^^^^^^^^l 


B 




{■^^HH|E,- .- " ^ ^. ^4 -^ft*^^B^lK^-,^/, 


^^0 




^^p„ '.. . . f^^^mSm 


^^1 






g 





r..pTriFbi. 1010, by M&rk Jeffefs. 

^4 view of the clij'js at Petuskcy. 




Cftpytigbl, l'»Hi, by Mflrk Jifferson 

Fig. 12. Tlic Cass and T ittabawassee rivers join the Sagi- 
naw in backhanded fashion. So do the St. Joseph 
and St, Marys join the Mattmee. Why? 



not merely with winds 
from the lakes, but that 
most of these winds are 
westerly and do not benefit 
shores west of the water. 
Wisconsin produced in 
the same year 1,100,000 
bushels of apples and 
128,000 bushels of straw- 
berries, raspberries, black- 
berries, currants, and 
grapes. (Fig. 23.) Com- 
parison with the Michigan 
figures above show how 
small this is. Southern 
Ontario is also a good 
fruit country, though it is 
not possible to ascertain 
the quantities produced. 
Peaches do well there, but 
cannot be raised in Wis- 
consin. There is no reason Ontario should 
not do as well as Alichigan, receiving west 
winds from Lake Huron just as Michigan 
does from Lake Michigan. The fact that 
the international boundary cuts Canada 
off from the American market undoubtedly 
hampers all her crops. 
Chicago markets exer- 
cise a strong influence 
on the Michigan frmt 
cormties, but this alone 
has not given Michigan 
her place in fruit rais- 
ing, for the near parts 
of Indiana seem to 
]3roduce little. They 
doubtless lack the 
favorable position with 
regard to the lake. 
Probably no state but 
California is so favor- 
ably situated as Michi- 
gan for fruit raising, 
and the great and 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 



^"'"'"W 






i_ 



growing population of the central states seems 
to guarantee a rapid development of this 
business in our state. The present need of 
the industry seems to be a reasonable 
refrigerator car service. 

The forest country of the north is just 
so much subtracted from the agricultural 
resources of the state. Yet Michigan is 
one of the great agricultural states, being 
thirteenth in 
the value of 
products per 
square mile of 
total area. 
The value of 
the principal 
farm products 
in I 9 o 3 \v a s 
more than 
$100,000,000; 
in 1908 prob- 
ably $170,- 
000,000. The 
great items 
are hay, com, 
wheat, oats, 
potatoes, and 
wool.(,PartIII, 
Table, p. 46.) 
In addition to 
these items 
are about 
$10,000,000 
worth of poul- 
try and eggs, 








Portages 



i,.r 



Porlagc, Wis. 
Chicago, 111. 
Sju/h Bend, Ind. 



value of the product is extremely small, 
however. 

The leading cereals are very important to 
the people of the state, and their production 
is distributed A-ery much as the population 
itself is distributed. All of the cereal dia- 
grams (Figs. 27, 32, and 33) should be looked 
at in connection with the diagrams of popvda- 
tion (Figs. 28 and 51). It is seen, as usual, that 

what is true 
of southern 
Michigan is 
true also of 
southern Wis- 
consin and 
Ontario. 
Southward 
the crops 
increase rapid- 
ly, northward 
they diminish 
i nto the rocky 
forest belt. 
Thus southern 
Ontario, the 
part of the 
region most 
inclosed by 
water, is per- 
haps the best 
producer. 
How sensitive 



4. Fort IVayii 
J. Akron, Ohio ' 
6. Ottatva River 



hid. 



Fig. 13 

468,000,000 pounds of milk, and a large but 
unreported quantity of meat and the fruit. 
The beans raised in 1903 were valued at 
$5,000,000, a quantity not equaled by any 
other state. In 1909 it had reached nearly 
$10,000,000. This crop has been increasing 
very rapidly in Michigan and probably has 
not reached its fullest development. A 
product in which the state has long 
enjoyed preeminence is peppermint. The 



7. Lake of the Woods 

^22) Land draining to COm IS tO SUn- 
Creat Lakes . . 

Copyright. 1010, by M»tk Jeffcnt'in SUmC IS SCCn 

St. Lawrence drainage and old portage sites. ■ j-i, „ f^pf 

that it rapidly diminishes in abiondance when 
the same latitude is reached all across the 
area. (Fig. 33.) Wheat is a diminishing crop 
in the state. (Fig. 27.) The combined cereals 
are grown in increasing quantity, but the 
increase is now not large. (Figs. 26 and 35.) 
Tlie potato crop even invades the forest 
country, as the plant can endure a severer 
climate and a poorer soil. (Figs. 34 and 43.) 
Tliis crop is a steadily increasing one, in 



i6 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 



which Michigan is third 

in the Union. (Part III, 

Table, p. 46.) 

Agriculture is the state's 

greatest resource. The 

small yields per acre now 

obtained in Michigan for 

all the staple crops seem 

to hold out great encour- 
agement to intelligent 

young men to take up 

farming. Of the 48 states 

and territories in 1908 no 

less than 14 obtained more 

wheat from an acre of 

ground cultivated than 

did Michigan; 16 got more 

corn, 21 more oats, ^^ 

more hay, and no less than 

40 more potatoes. Except 

for hay the New England 

states always excelled us. 

So did the Pacific and 

some of the Rocky Mountain states. The 

leadership of old hilly states like Maine is 

of especial interest, for what has been done 

there may be done here if men set about it. 

Maine in 1908 raised 26,000,000 bushels of 

potatoes from 116,000 acres, while Michigan 

got but 23,400,000 bushels from 325,000 

acres. In other words 

Maine raised 225 

bushels to the acre, 

Michigan 72. Again it 

is striking that our 

neighbor, Wisconsin, 

under almost identical 

conditions with us gets 

slightly better yields 

from all crops. The 

methods that are 

applied in other states 

cannot fail to bring 

profit to those who 

apply them here. 




Courteay Pmb. Dept.. G. T. R. W. 

.S' ^4- , On the portage, Tema^ami Region, 
Canada. Portage is a French word meaning 
carry, since when the head of one stream is 
reached the canoe must be carried over the 
divide as is seen in the picture. In early days 
the portages between streams were very impor- 
tant, since all travel passed through them. 



Minerals. Michigan's 
mines jaeld about half as 
much as her farms, 
$56,000,000 in 1903. Of 
this $25,000,000 was iron 
ore and $25,000,000 cop- 
per, both from the northern 
zone of hard rocks and for- 
ests. (Figs. I, 16, and 43.) 
The copper is practically 
all in the Keweenaw pen- 
insula that projects from 
the southern shore of Lake 
Superior. (Fig. 16.) The 
backbone of this peninsula 
is a hilly ridge known as 
the Copper Range, along 
which are the great copper 
mines, of which the Calu- 
met and Hecla is the most 
famous. The richest of 
these mines are all on the 
sites of old mines worked 
The fact that the Lake 




by the Indians. 
Superior copper is native or pure metal, ready 
to use, made it attractive to barbarous men. 
Metals are usually obtained in earthy ores 
that do not at all suggest the useful metal 
they contain. The process of smelting ores 
is difficult for u ncivilized man; is, in fact, 
one of the distinctions 
of civilization. 

The iron ores are 
found in the higher 
land a little fartlier 
south. (Fig. 16.) These 
the Indians did not 
know how to work. 
This Michigan- Wiscon- 
sin region and the 
Minnesota lands just 
northwest of Lake 
Superior constitute 
the greatest iron region 
tSte.Marte. of the whole world. 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 



17 



(Fig. 16.) Michigan was the greatest producer 
of iron ores in this country till 1902. (Fig. 38.) 
In 1903 she produced a tenth of all the iron 
mined in the world. In copper she was first 
until 1887, and is still mining a sixth of the 
world's product. (Fig. 40.) She is now third 
in copper to Montana and Arizona, and in 
iron second to Minnesota ; not that her own 
production is failing, but because of the 
great increase in production in those states. 
Michigan has 
increased her 
copper output 
two and one- 
half times ^ 
since 1886,"' 

butMontanaouiJij' 
has increaseds 
hers five times. 
So our state 
mined nearly 
twice as much 
iron in 1907 
as she did ten 
years ago, but 
Minnesota 
mined six 
times as much. 
It helps to get 
a conception 
of the immen- 
sity of the 
Lake Superior 
iron deposits 




Fig. 16 

and their working to note that these two 
states mined 2,000.000 tons more ore in 
1903 than the best other iron region 
in North America has yielded in all its his- 
tor}^ The Minnesota ore has the advantage 
of lying near the surface in great dirt-like 
beds so soft that it can be taken out by 
steam shovels directly into railroad cars as 
soon as the surface dirt is taken off. Such 
mining goes fast and is ver>' cheap. At 
most other mines it is necessary to sink 



shafts deep into the earth and then blast 
out the hard ores with much labor. There 
are still immense quantities of this soft ore 
in the Minnesota ranges. The quality of the 
ore, however, is not equal to that of the 
Michigan ores, as is shown by the fact 
that the 10,000,000 tons of Michigan ore 
mined in 1903 were valued at $25,000,000, 
while the 15,000,000 tons of Minnesota ore 
were valued at barely $27,000,000. 

No small 
item in the 
development 
of lake ores 
is the cheap 
water carriage 
to the Lake 
Erie ports 
near to the 
coal and 
limestone of 
Pennsylvania 
necessar}'^ for 
their smelting. 
There are spe- 
cial steamers 
constructed 
for this busi- 
ness, with spe- 
cial loading 
and unloading 
machinery 
that enable a 
large steamer 
to take or land her cargo in a few hours. 
(Fig. 39.) The last ten years have seen 
a cement industry- spring up in Michigan 
that has put the state third in the countr}'. 
Three million dollars' worth were made in the 
state in 1903, and the business is increasing 
under the stimulus of the many uses to 
which cement is now put. (Fig. 42.) Materials 
are fotmd in the marls of the innumerable 
lakelets of the state, and its great limestone 
deposit (Fig. 16), for an enormous expansion 



CopTrlght. 1910, by Uuk Jeffenoo 

Map showing mineral resources and lines of transportation, ipoj. 



i8 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 




Fig. 17. A hot day in summer 



of the product. In salt, too, 
Michigan was first until 
1902, since which time she 
has been second to New 
York. The salt is pumped 
up dissolved in water from 
the rock-salt layers below. 
The chief expense of the 
manufacture is, therefore, 
the evaporation of this 
water again. Thus it has 
come about that lumber 
mills have come to burn 
their waste of sawdust and 
slabs for this work. The 
price of salt is now so low 
that the business is hardly 
more than an economical 
way of disposing of lumber 
waste. There was an enor- 
mous falling off in the 
product in the two years 



Copyright, mo. bj MtirW .fiHrr 



1903 and 1904 in this 
state, 8,000,000 barrels 
being made in 1902 against 
4,000,000 in 1903, but is 
now again increasing. 
(Fig. 46.) Formerly the salt 
manufacture centered at 
Saginaw, but the lead has 
now gone to Ludington and 
Manistee, just as the lead 
in lumbering has. Near 
Detroit a company has sunk 
a regular mine shaft to the 
salt and is now quarrying 
it out in beautiful crystal 
masses without the expense 
of evaporation. (Fig. 16.) 
The whole central part of 
the state is imderlaid by 
coal-bearing rocks (Fig. 16), 
mined mostly in the neigh- 
borhood of Saginaw and Bay 



92 91 90 69 aa a? 86 Bi 8d ej 62 Qi 80 79 70 




Fig. 1 8. A cold day in winter. 



Copyright, lUlU, by Mark Jefferaun 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 



19 



City, where the business has grown as 
lumbering has decHned and left capital 
seeking investment. In 1895 alwnit 100,000 
tons of coal were raised; in 1907, 2,000,000 
tons, valued at $3,660,000. The product is 
increasing enormously. (Fig. 41.) In g}'p- 
sum, Michigan leads the country with the 
product of mines near Grand Rapids and at 
Alabaster near Tawas, but the total value 
of the output is not large. (Figs. 16 and 44.) 

It is evident 
that Michigan 
ranks very 
high as a 
mining state. 
(Adv. Geog., 
Fig. 287.) Agri- 
culture, how- 
ever, is far 
more closely 
associated 
with the life 
of her people 
and more im- 
portant. The 
annual hay 
crop is worth 
$35,000,000, 
greater than 
the yield of 
either iron or 
copper. The 
whole agricul- 
tural product P'°- '9- Rainfall of 
is worth much more than the total minerals. 
The lumber, too (Fig. 45), even in these days 
of declining output, is worth almost as much 
as all the yields of the mines, for if the lumber 
of to-day is inferior its price is high. An 
excellent relation is said to exist in some 
of the Lake Superior copper mines, where 
miners are not uncommonly owners of shares 
of stock in the mines where they work. This 
is not usual in mining regions. It is a satis- 
factory arrangement, since it is a defect of 



mining industry that it requires large capital 
to which it often happens that the employees 
find themselves in antagonism. Part owner- 
ship by the men secures their interest in 
the business. The greatest gain the mines 
bring to Michigan is one they bring to all 
the people of the country, greater and 
cheaper supplies of material needed nowa- 
days by all the citizens. 

Forests. Anciently the lake country south 

of 43 degrees 
30 minutes 
was covered 
by a superb 
growth of 
hard wood, 
while north- 
ward from this 
line stretched 
the finest for- 
ests of pine 
and mixed 
growth on the 
continent. 
There were 
splendid trees, 
hemlocks 
twelve feet 
around and 
white pines 
thirteen to 
fifteen, three 

feet above the 

Michigan. 1880-1904. ground, rear- 

ing their summits sometimes 150 feet in the 
air. Great groves of solid pine or mingled 
growths of elm, maple, sycamore, poplar, and 
hemlock, darkening the soil and keeping it 
free from undergrowth, alternated with dense 
growths of tamarack and cedar, which were 
so tangled as to be difficult to pass through. 
Now the pine has been cut, probably the 
DeWard estate in northwestern Crawford 
County has the only untouched pine woods 
in the Southern Peninsula. (Fig. 37.) There 




>, b/ Mdtic Jefferson 



20 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 




I- 1. 



is still a great 
stretch of 
mixed lumber 
in southern 
Cheboygan, 
eastern Otsego, 
and western 
Montmorency 
counties and 
also between 
Marquette and 
Munising, back 
from the shore 
of Lake Supe- 
rior, from which 
the little pine it 
once contained 
has been culled. This is now being actively 
lumbered. Over a billion and a half feet of 
lumber were 
made in Michi- 
gan in 1904, 
but three- 
quarters of it 
was hemlock 
or hard wood. 
In 1888, the 
great year in 
the Saginaw 
Valley, over 
4,000,000,000 
feet were cut 
and most of it 
was pine. The 
last year's 
product is 
valued at 
$54,000,000. 
Michigan is 
the second 
lumbering 
state in the 
Union. (Adv. 
Geog., Fig. 
274.) The in- 



From r. S. Dept. A^iouliui 

;ar-bcet field near Bliss field. 




CIS» Tons p<r sq. mile E2^3 ^o Tons per sq. tnilc 
O Large Factories 



« Small Factories 

CoprriKht. 1910, hj Uuk Jtfftnoa 

Fig. 2 1. Sugar-beet production and factories in ipoj. In the five years following, 

the production of sugar had increased by one-half, but the twenty 

factories of igoj were sixteen in igo8. 



d US try is there- 
fore a vast 
one. Mills are 
operating day 
and night from 
the Traverse 
Region around 
to Cheboygan 
and Alpena, 
cutting as 
much in 1909 
as they cut in 
the greatest 
year of the 
business. 
Although the 
output is hard 
wood or hemlock, prices are so high that the 
value is as good as ever. It is estimated 

that there is 
twenty years' 
cut in sight. 
The forest 
map (Fig. 43) 
shows where 
the forests are 
believed to be 
best to-day. 
The lumber 
map (Fig. 45) 
shows where 
the largest 
cuts were 
made in 1904, 
and brings out 
the present 
lead of Wis- 
consin and 
Ontario. It is 
beginning to 
be understood 
that much of 
the land from 
which the 
forest has 



t'-'^^-J-l 60 Tons per sg. mile 



I /JO Tons per sq. 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 



21 



U. S. cane.. 
U. S. beft... 
Colorado . . . 
California . 
Michigan . . 

Fig. 22. 



All Michigan.. 
Fruit counlics 
Wisconsin 



Fig. 



23- 



Michigan 

Fruit counties. 

Fig. 24. 



been cut is like much land in Europe and 
the older states, not fit for farming, partly 
rocky coimtry in the northern peninsula and 
partly sandy stretches in the northern part 
of the southern peninsula. Such are perhaps 
the Jack Pine Plains in Roscommon County. 
(Fig. 58.) Although 
lumbering is still car- 
ried on there, agricul- 
ture is accomphshing 
as good results as the 
distance from markets 
will allow. Yet it will 
yield a good crop of 
timber if protected 
from fire and trespass. 
Six million acres of 
such land are in the 
hands of the state for 
unpaid taxes. Of this 
three townships have 
been set aside under 
the protection of the 
State Forestry Com- 
mission as the state's first forest reserve. 
Its place is indicated on the map (Fig. 2). 
Manufactures. In iMichigan, manufactures 
depend largely on native resources of lumber 
and minerals. The greatest industry is the 
lumber and planing-mill products; next 
comes the foundry' and machine-shop out- 
put, in which 
is included 
Detroit's large 
business in 
stoves and fur- 
naces. Flouring 
mills yield a 
large product, 
also copper 
smelting and 
the manufac- 
ture of car- 
riages, wagons, 
railway cars, 



and automobiles. (Part III, Table, p. 47.) 
Detroit has seen the making of automobiles 
grow from nothing in 1900 to a sale of 9,000 
machines in 1904, a third of the output of 
the whole country. Lansing and Grand 
Rapids also have active automobile indus- 
tries. Lansing is 
reputed to make more 
automobiles than any 
other city of its size in 
the world. The central 
position of the state, 
its abundant raw 
materials, and many 
skilled mechanics make 
the future of the auto- 
mobile industry in 
Michigan look very 
promising The six 
great manufacturing 
states of the covmtry 
are New York, Penn- 
sylvania, Illinois, Mas- 
sachusetts, Ohio, and 



CopTTlghl. 1910, b; Hwk Jalferton 

The sugar crop of the United States in jgo8, 
in thousands of long tons. 



Cop.TTlgbt, lOln, \,j Muk J«fferBuD 

The yield of small fruits in IQ02, in millions 
of bushels. 



3? 



rtiiyright. \'.'l>\ bj M»rk J.fffreon 

The yield of grapes in igo2, in millions 
of pounds. 




Fig. 25. 



prat'll 



New Jersey, after which come five states that 
differ little among themselves; of these 
Michigan is one. (Adv. Geog., Fig. 233.) In 
most of these cases industry is found 
centered in great groups of population like 
that at the mouth of the Hudson, which 
gives New York and New Jersey their 

leading place. 
In Michigan, 
industry is well 
d is t ributed 
throughout 
the state and 
well diversified 
everywhere. 
The four chief 
industries 
of Detroit — . 
lumber, iron, 
chemicals, and 

riiard near South Haven. vehicles 



22 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 



account for barely a quarter of the -whole 
manufactured output of the city. (Part III, 



so so 40 50 



So QQ 100 no 120 



1S40 
iSso 
iSbo 
iSjo 
iSSo 
fSgo 
igoo 
iqoS 

Fig. 






fitij^r.^Li. I'.iM. I.> Marti Jcltcr^uii 

26. The yield 0^ cereals in Michigan for six decades, 
1840-igoo, and for igo8, in millions of bushels. 



Table, p. 47.) The greater part is the product 
of a large number of small establishments in 
a great variety of branches of industry. No 
state, indeed, produces things more essential 
to modern civilization or a greater variety of 
them than Michigan. Detroit is the greatest 
producer; Grand Rapids, famous through 
the country for its furniture, comes second; 
then Kalamazoo, and then Battle Creek, a 
great producer 
of threshing 
machines 
and break- 
fast foods. 
(Part III, 
Table, p. 47.) 
But all four 
together 
produce a 
value of only 
$185,000,000 
out of a total 
forthe state of 
$429,000,000. 
Industry in 
Michigan is 
scattered like 
the people. It 
prospers in 
cities, but 
thrives here in 
small cities, 
where the 

conditions of Fig. 27. 

life for the employed are often much more 
desirable than in larger places. 







Less than f>.f bmheU per sq, mile 



l2 J 64 10 jiM Ijuskels per sq. n 

\ (140 to 3,200 bushels per sqimre 



Commerce. On the lakes commerce has 
reached great proportions. They offer cheap 
transportation of goods from the producing 
West to the consuming East. The surface 
of Lake Superior is eighteen feet higher than 
Lake Huron or Lake Michigan, causing the 
rapids in the St. Marys River, known as the 
Sault (French for rapids) Ste. Marie. (Fig. 
49.) Here the early explorers had to land 

'Sjo . 
iSbo. 
iS-o . 

iSST). 
jSqo . 

IQOO. 

nio. 

eopyrifbl. I'Jl'i. Iij Wart Jefferson 

Fig. 28. The growth of population in Michigan for seven 
decades, 1840-igio, in millions. 

and carry their canoes around the rapids. 

Here they naturally encamped, and here grew 

up a fort and 
trading sta- 
tion of much 
importance. 
(Fig. 15.) 
Great canals, 
provided with 
locks to ena- 
ble vessels to 
overcome the 
difference in 
level, have 
been I? u i 1 1 
around the 
rapids on each 
bank. By the 
opening of 
these canals a 
continuous 
water route 
has been 
established 
between 
Duluth and 
Buffalo, and 

Minnesota and Dakota grain and Lake 

Superior iron ores have been rendered 



ill 
mile 



I ibo tc (140 Itahels per sq. 



Copyright, l'.>lii. by Mark Jeffersoi 

The yield of wheat per square mile in igo2. 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 



23 




tmmZfSS Ma« 5 head fer square mile L^ U J (•} 10 head per square mile 1^^ to to 2S heai per square mile 

2S li' so head per square mile jo head per square mile and e'Ver 

CopjrleM. IPIO. by Mark Jeffereon 

Fig. 29. Number of hogs per 
square mile in iqo2. 

immensely more valuable. 
One of the locks at the Soo 
is shown in the picture. 
(Fig. 64.) It is a part of 
the canal, 800 feet long and 
100 feet wide, fitted with 
strong, water-tight gates at 
each end. The upper gates 
are now closed. The boats 
above it float at the level 
of Lake Superior. The gates 
below are just opening to 
let the steamer out. Half 
an hour ago the lower gates 
were shut and the upper 
ones open. At that time 
the water in the lock \\-as 
as high as in the canal 
above and in Lake Superior. 
The vessel then entered the 
lock and the upper gates 
were closed behind her. The 



engineers in the building at 
the left opened valves in a 
great number of pipes in 
the bottom of the lock 
which allowed the water to 
run out into the part of the 
canal below. The steamer 
was thus gently lowered on 
the surface of the sinking 
water until the level of the 
lower part of the canal was 
reached. As soon as the 
gates are wide open she will 
steam off for Lake Huron 
or Lake Michigan. Two of 
these locks on our side and 
one in Canada have cost 
$10,000,000. 

For nine months each 
year an enormous traffic 
passes through these canals, 
differing but little in bulk 
from the whole foreign and 




JO lit 25 head per sqy.are milt 



50 head per square mite and ever 

Copjncbl. H'lo, bj Mark Jrlffrsoo 

Kumher of sheep per square mile in IQ02. 



CIULess Ihatt i head per square mile ZZiMs'" lo head per square mile 
5j /(' JO head per square mile 

Fig. 30 



24 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 




3z.fss than to head per square 

JO ti} 7J head per square mile 
Copyright, mill, by Marlt Jetf»9nn 

Fig. .:;i. The Jiumher of cattle per 
square mile in igos. 

coastwise trade of New York 
Cit3% and three times as 
great as that which passes 
the Suez Canal. (Fig. 47.) 
The values are very much 
smaller, foreign trade hand- 
ling many articles of very 
high cost. In 1 904 there were 
carried eastward on these 
waters 130,000,000 bushels 
of grain, 21,000,000 tons of 
iron ore, 1,770,000,000 feet 
of lumber, and 1,000,000 
tons of flour ; and westward, 
14,000,000 tons of coal. This 
is called 51,000,000 tons of 
freight, of which 31,500,000 
passed through the Sault 
canals. In 1907 the amount 
of freight passing had fairly 
doubled. A great part of 
this amount moves between 



'le &S0J JO to Jj head per square mile BH jj to jo kead per square mile 
7j head per square mile and aver 



points beyond Michigan ter- 
ritory. The effect of the 
development of continuous 
water transportation on 
freight charges is indicated 
by the fact that in 1895 a 
ton of ore was carried from 
Duluth to Cleveland by 
water for 80 cents; by rail 
the cheapest price was $2. 5 9. 
The ore was only worth 
$2.80 on the Cleveland dock. 
The commerce of the Great 
Lakes is the commerce of a 
great part of the United 
States. 

Through navigation on 
the lakes is usually sus- 
pended in January, Febru- 
ary, and March on account 
of ice in the connecting 
rivers. Probablynoneof the 
lakes ever freeze over solid, 




UZ2 Less than 64 bushels per sq. mtte Vi^^'i 64 to 160 bushels per sq. miU ■■ 160 to 640 bushels per sq. 

640 te j,3oo bushels per square tiiile 3,200 bushels per square mile and over 

Copyright. 19in, by M»rk JelTeMOO 

Fig. 32. The yield of oats per square mile in igo2. 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 



25 




^ lA ^tt than O4 bushels fcr sq. mile IM^ 64 to 640 bushels per sq. mile I 

IHI ?,^oo bushels per square vtile and over 

Copjrigbt, 1910, b7 Muk Jeffenon 

Fig. 33. r/is yiWd o/ corn per 
square mile in igos. 



but the bays do. St. Marys 
River at the Sault (Fig. 49) 
is generally crossed on foot 
in January and February. 
Put - in - Bay and Kelleys 
Island in Lake Erie usually 
have team connection with 
the Ohio shore for a longer 
or shorter time in Februaiy, 
and so does ]\Iackinac Island 
with St. Ignace. (Fig. 49.) 
Detroit and Port Huron 
maintain a hardly inter- 
rupted serv'ice across the 
Detroit and St. Clair rivers 
by train and other ferries. 
Lake Michigan, too, is 
crossed by powerful train 
ferries through the winter 
between Ludington and 
Frankfort and Wisconsin 



.640 to 3,200 bushels per sq. mile 



causes many interruptions. 
(Fig. 2.) 

History. The territory 
northwest of the Ohio River 
was the earliest addition to 
the lands of the original 
colonies. (Fig. 36.) French 
trails crossed it along the 
lakes and rivers between 
the St. LawTence and the 
Gulf of Mexico, and were 
protected from the Indian 
inhabitants by forts. In 
these were the Europeans 
and half-breeds, barely 4,000 
in all, who represented the 
power of France. They were 
grouped in three settle- 
ments: at Detroit, at the 
Illinois towns near St. Louis, 
and at Vincennes on the 
Wabash. (Fig. 36.) The 
country was really in the 



90 fl9 8d 6' 86 85 dd 8J e>2 ar 80 79 78 




09 OS O' 00 0:> M oj 6£ 61 60 79 



"Ti r\ r t c 



Kiif rit-;f+; 



r\ rr 1 r» o 



Less than 10 bushels ^c-r s.f. mile f''': , :-A 10 to too bushels per sq. mile ^^ 100 to ^oo bushels fcr sq. mile 

^^B ^00 bushels per square mile and over 

CorTrisht, 1010, by Mirk Jcffersoo 



26 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 



possession of the Indians, with whom a 

handful of the French traded for furs. At 

the close of the French and Indian War in 

1763, the French claims passed to the 

English, who put 

an officer and a 

few troops in each 

of the forts. In 

the war of the 

Revolution, 

foraging parties 

were fitted out 

from these points 




drawn on the map, though it was never 
adopted. (Fig. 36.) Had it actually been 
held to, both Illinois and Indiana must have 
been left without any frontage on Lake Mich- 
igan, and Toledo 
would have 
been excluded 
from Ohio. It is 
not strange that 
when there were 
enough inhabit- 
ants in the three 
southern portions 



against the settle- ^^^- 35- A threshing scene in a farming district in Michigan. ^q entitle them tO 

statehood, they should have sought to change 
these northern boundaries. Ohio added 
enough to include Toledo, although Michigan 
was already governing it under the Congres- 
sional division. This was in 1802. Indiana 
added rather more territory in 1 8 1 6 when she 
was admitted, and Illinois in 1818 added still 
more. Ohio stated her claim distinctly in 

the constitu- 



ments in Kentucky and Pennsylvania until 
George Rogers Clark invaded the territory 
in 1778-9, capturing the Illinois towns and 
Vincennes, Ind. These towns were never 
again given up, and at the close of the 
Revolution all of them passed to the United 
States by treaty. Congress planned to 
divide the whole region into three states, 
as shown by 
the black hues 
with dotted 
prolongations 
on the map. 
(Fig. 36.) 
Power, how- 
ever, was 
reserved to 
make two 
more states 
out of that 
part of the ter- 
ritory which 
was north of 
an east and 
west line 
extending 
through the 
south end of 
Lake Michi- 
gan. This line 
has also been 




tion that she 
submitted to 
Congress, but 
Congress took 
no specific 
action on the 
boundary, so a 
dispute arose 
between Mich- 
igan and Ohio 
for possession 
of Toledo. It 
was settled in 



37. 



when 



Fig. 36. 



Copyright, 1910, by Mark Jefferson 

The Northwest Territory oj lySy. 



Michigan be- 
came a state, 
by ceding 
Toledo to Ohio 
and by giv- 
ing to Michi- 
gan the upper 
peninsula, 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 



27 



not assigned her in the 
original division, although 
allowed her in territorial 
apportionments. (Fig. 36.) 

The way people spread 
over the state is shown on 
the map (Fig. 52), where 
the darker colored counties 
had the earlier organiza- 
tion ot government. The 
effect of admission to state- 
hood is seen in the spread 
between 1830 and 1850, as 
also of the beginnings of 
copper extraction in the 
upper peninsula. 

The time when lumber 
and iron began to be 
sought actively in upper 
Michigan may also be made 
out. Iron was the last 
county to be organized. 
(Figs. 2 and 52.) The Canadian 



isbo i_ir 

iSjo 
iSSo 
iSgo 
iqoo 
igoj 




Fig. 37. 



t'upvrlKht. I'.ilii, l>j Mark Jet)«rB<ia 

Fig. 38. The iron ore mined in Michigan for each ten 

-"ears from i860 to igoo, and from igoo to 

1907, in millions of tons. 

north of Lake Superior is still in territorial 
form, though most of 
Ontario was earlier 
settled than Michigan. 
(Adv. Geog., Fig. 312.) 
Nearly a quarter of 
the people of Michigan 
were bom in foreign 
countries, half of these 
from some British ter- 
ritory, and a quarter 
from Germany. Six 
per cent of our people 
came from the state 



of New York, and two 
per cent each from Penn- 
sylvania and Indiana. 
(Part III, Table, p. 46.) 

Education. Michigan has 
a slightly denser popula- 
tion than the average 
state, yet the fact that 
the rural population is 
greater than in most 
states, and that she has 
more than the average 
number of foreigners, 
makes the development of 
general education difficult 
here. The wealth of the 
state, too, as measured by 
real and personal property 
per capita, is slightly less 
than that of the average 
state. Nevertheless, 
Michigan excels the aver- 
age state in that she gives longer schooling 

o JO 20 JO .fo ^a Qo 70 do go 100 
iSso . . . 
jS6o... 
iSjo--- 
iSSo... 
iSgo . . . 

IQOO. .. 

JV07... 



Among the pines on the DcWard 
estate. 



country 




Copyr.ebi, i'.iHi. by Mark Jcfltrs. n 

Fig. 40. The amount of copper ore mined in Michigan 

in each ten years from iSyo to igoo. and from 

igoo to igoj, in thousands of long tons. 

to a greater part of her population, pays her 
teachers more per year, 
at a less cost per tax- 
■payev and per capita, 
and has a much larger 
amount of school prop- 
erty, in which only six 
states surpass her. The 
University of ^Michigan 
(Fig. 54) had its origin 
in 181 7 with control 
of all public education 
in the territory, of 
whatever grade. The 



.4 modern freight boat of the Great Lakes. 



28 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 



university has always recognized its obliga- 
tions as head of the educational system of 
the state. Through its vis- 
iting committees, and the ,sgj. 
admission of graduates of '^"S. 
the leading high schools 
without examination, it has 
exercised a potent influence 
in shaping the courses of 
study in high schools, and in improving the 
quality of the work done in all grades of 

o r s 3 4 

'iSob.. 
iSgS...\, 

IQOO... 

iqo3 . . 
/907... 



Copyright, 1910, by Mark Jeffera^n 

Fig. 42. The amount of cement manufactured in Michi- 
gan for each two years from i8g6 to 1902, and in 
IQOJ and igoy, in millions of barrels. 

public schools. At the present time (1905) 
the university has a large number of stu- 
dents from 
other states, 
and some 
even from 
foreign coun- 
tries, the total 
attendance 
being 4,600 
students. 
It thus easily 
ranks as the 
greatest state 
university 
in America. 
A powerful 
influence for 
education has 
been exerted 
also by the 
State Normal 
College at 
Ypsilanti, the 
oldest insti- 
tution of its 



kind west of the Alleghenies, whose students 
have gone out to teach not only in this state 
^ ^ but throughout the country. 

The preparation of teach- 
ers is also the business of 
three other state normal 
schools, the Northern at 
Marquette, the Central at 
Mount Pleasant, and the 
Kalamazoo. A finely equipped 
mining school at Houghton, 
the copper country, sends 
the whole country. 

S 'O IS 30 23 30 ss 40 45 



1903. .A 

IQO?.. ■ I 

Copjn^bt, IVln. I,y Mark JurtersuU 

Fig. 41. Coal mined in Michigan for each 

five years from iSgj to J903. and in 

1901, in millions of tons. 



Western at 

and efficient 

in the heart of 

its graduates out over 



Coffer. . . . 
Iron ore . 
Cement... 

Coal 

Salt 

Gyfsiim.. 



Copyright, 1010, by Mark JeflarEon 

Fig. 44. The value of the mineral 

f^roducts of Michigan in igoy, 

in millions of dollars. 



The Michigan State Agricultural College 
is situated near Lansing. (Fig. 60.) 




' I'trv tlmi 



Fig. 



4,V 



EPS Good Forest Reserve 

Copyright, 1910. by Mark Jefferson 

Distribution of forests in 1905. 



Denomina- 
tional colleges 
of excellent 
standing are 
Adrian, Hope 
at Holland, 
Albion, Hills- 
dale, Olivet 
and Kalama- 
zoo. Properly 
educational, 
as well, are 
the state com- 
missions: the 
geological 
survey, which 
under that 
great man, 
Douglas 
Houghton, 
taught the 
people of the 
state where 
to find their 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 



29 




mineral 
wealth; the 
forestry 
commission, 
which, too 
late to save ^{pi 
the great 
forests ^1 
which '^ r\ 
once cov- 
ered the 
state, is ^C ; 
showing liow 
to replace 
them for the 
future; the fish 
commission, 
which is con- 
tinually put- 
ting whitefish 
fry into the 
lakes in order 
to replace the 
fish taken out, 
and which has 
also long been 

teaching the fisherman that to catch small 
fish, that are not yet grown to full size or 



jsro... 

iSSo... 

J900... 

iq02... 
•V>3... 
1907... 



Pinei. 



O ""'•'"""• f'"- HurJioood' 



I 0,0 



mionfelt 



Fig. 4s. Lumber cut in 1904 



best quality, 
is really to 
defraud him- 
self. Fish were 
not merely 
disappearing, 
but the qual- 
ity was also 
deteriorating 
under an ener- 
getic pursuit 
that allowed 
none to attain 
maturity. By 
replacing in 
the lakes fry 
hatched by 
the state, and 
protecting 
them from 
capture until 
they were of 
f /a».,„<,„„v;,.,„/„i size, the catch 

Hemlock i „ , ... 

( •='•"' " has fairly 

Ciijijrlght. r.110, hy Mvk Jefforaui 



^^■^L^^^ 



Copyright, Um, by Murk Jedersna 

Fig. 46. The amount of salt produced in Michigan for 

each ten years from iSyo to igoo, and for the years 

igo2, ipoj, and Jgoy, in millions of barrels. 



doubled in its 
value during 
the last seven years, after dwindhng until it 
seemed as if it were about to vanish. 



/Vew York--. 
Sail// Canals 
Stif^ Canal-- 

Du/utli 

C/iicago 

Buffalo 

C/c7-c/and 

De/roit- 



Copyrlght, IMO, by Muk Jrfr»r«on 



Fig. 47. A comparison of the amount of foreign and 
domestic freight passing in TQ07, in millions of tons, 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 



91 90' sq ss k; Si^ S-i' &{ M 



;/ THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 
OF CITIES AND TOWNS 
Development of the City or Town. Though 
Michigan is mainly a farming state, its people 
need cities and towns as well as farms. In 
Washtenaw County the farm is oftenest of 
eighty acres, with four or five people living in 
the farmhouse. Such houses are strung irregu- 
larly along the highways. But at road comers 
every few miles we find them nearer together. 
Here stand also perhaps a church, a schoolhouse, 
and almost 
certainly a 
store. It is 
a beginning 
of village or 
urban lif e . 
Here is the 
post office. The 
little gathering 
of houses re- 
sponds to needs 
that all people 
feel: need of 
society, need 
of religion, of 
education, and 
the very urgent 
needs met by 
the store. From 
it the neighbors 
obtain their 
daily supplies 
of kerosene, 
lamps, flour, 
sugar, tea and 
coffee, nails, 
common 
plates, rough 
clothes, shoes, and calico. Here their butter 
and eggs are gathered for larger markets. 
One rarely goes five miles in southern Michigan 
without coming on such a comer store. In 
the thinner settled north they are farther 
apart, not merely because of larger farms but 
also because of the great stretches of wood- 
land or lands unsuited to agriculture. But 
the prosperous farmer has many needs that the 
comer store cannot supply — his furniture that 




lllll Over loo^ooo 

A over jo^ooo 

Fig. . 



\ over 20^000 



he uses daily, but replaces only at long intervals, 
his wife's better clothes and his own. For 
these he seeks the neighboring village and its 
larger store. There too he finds the bank where 
he deposits his money, there he ma}' send the 
older children to school, there he attends 
the larger meetings of men than are afforded 
by the crossroads comer. So when farm lands 
are well taken up, a village is sure to grow up 
within a day's drive of any farmer, and the 
prosperity of the farmers is at once reflected 

in activity of 
business at the 
village. Each 
is dependent 
on the other. 
Naturally, vil- 
lages are more 
numerous 
in the closer 
settled south 
than farther 
north. (Figs. 
49 and 50.) 

Articles of 
real luxury 
that only the 
more prosper- 
ous can afford, 
and even they 
need at infre- 
quent inter- 
vals, can only 
be kept at the 
cities that 
occur at wider 
distances than 
the villages, 
since they need 
the patronage of the people of a larger area. 
The city stands on the line of the railway or by 
the lake, so that it has rapid communication 
with the factories and seaports whence it obtains 
supplies and to which it sends the product of 
the countryside. Here appears a whole series 
of new conveniences demanded by the new con- 
ditions. The crowding of many men together 
here pollutes the ground with the wastes of 
manv houses. The diseases that result have 



over 50^000 



I over 40^000 



• over lofioo 

("opyrieht, 1910, by Mirk Jefferson 

Cities of more than 10,000 in iQo^. 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 



31 









S. -51? 


2 ■( 


;■«;="" i 


S"" 


% ^ 


h;i 


iS\. 


c- 





3^ 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 




THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 



33 




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34 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 



Qg 01 30° 89 88 87 86' 85' 81 83 S2 81 80 7 



the north are Duluth and West Superior, in 
connection by the lakes with the large cities 
of Lake Erie. To Chicago the whole lake 
country' is tributary. If a train stops among 
the jack pines of the Northern Peninsula to 
load on crates of huckleberries by the trackside, 
they are for Chicago. If salt produced in 
Michigan wells is to be sorted out into grades, 
it is to suit buyers in Chicago. Good train con- 
nection for Chicago may be had in any of the 
small cities of the map. There are few mer- 
chants in the whole region who have not visited 
Chicago at 
some time. 
They can buy 
anything in 
Chicago. If it 
is not made 
there it is kept 
in stock there. 
And since 
everybodygoes 
there to buy, 
what place 
could be better 
to take any- 
thing you have 
to sell? When 
a city gets as 
big as that, 
its influence 
extends over a 
great stretch 
of country. 
There is no 
other big city 
here because at 
present there 
is no room for 
any. A little thing decided where Chicago 
should be. It is the nearest point on the Great 
Lakes to the Mississippi Basin. In wet weather 
a century ago a loaded canoe could float from 
the Illinois River • to Lake Michigan. The 
days of the canoe have long gone by on those 
w^aters, but at Chicago the products of the 
plains of the West still meet water carriage 
by the lakes. If they pass eastward mostly by 
rail now, the rates are lower than they would 




'M 00' 89 



CZZI -' to 6 

From Xtl Cenaus, U. S 



nnbtOfS 

ind IV Census, Canftdit 



[za 'S to 45 



Fig. 



51- 



be without the chance of competition by boat, 
which no railroad could monopolize on the 
Great Lakes. Railway lines eastward from the 
Dakotas, Minnesota, and Wisconsin are crowded 
together at Chicago by the north and south 
obstruction of Lake Michigan. Similarly, Mil- 
waukee gathers up, for lake shipment eastward, 
produce from Wisconsin; a smaller business, 
since it is drawn from a smaller area. Points 
equally near Chicago and Milwaukee find it 
more profitable to ship to the larger center, 
since freight rates are cheaper to points from 

which there is 
more return 
business. 
Detroit and 
Toledo stand 
in much the 
same way be- 
tween southern 
Michigan and 
the country 
close to the 
south of it, and 
eastern points 
via the lakes. 
Business is to 
the eastward. 
The eastward- 
facing shores 
show a line of 
cities great and 
small, those 
facing west- 
ward, few or 
none. On the 
west side of 
Lake Michigan 
are eleven with 
more than ten thousand people ; on the east side 
but four, all small. So also on Lake Huron. 
At the cities of Lake Erie are gathered up again 
the shipments of the West, the grain to go on 
east by rail, the ores to meet the coal of Pitts- 
burg for their smelting. 

Within Michigan's boundaries, Detroit is 
the only large city. Smaller, but still of im- 
portant size, are Grand Rapids, Saginaw, Bay 
City, Kalamazoo, Jackson, and Battle Creek. 



S4 S3 8'2 81 



^^ 4S to go ■■ oo and m'L-r 

CopTTight. l^'ld, by Mark JafleMon 

Map slwwing distribution of population and density per square mile 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 



35 



In all the state has twenty-five places of more 
than ten thousand people; if everything down 
to a thousand be counted, more than two 
hundred, and if the huge community of Chicago 
be excepted, Michigan contains examples of 
all sorts of towns and cities that the region 
affords. The}' are young. They have grown 
tremendously. Even Detroit so lately as 1830 
had but six thousand people. When some of 
us visit Europe we are discouraged by the beauty 
of the cities over there, discouraged with the 
home town. 
But the charms 
of European 
towns are the 
result of the 
labors and care 
of generations 
and genera- 
tions of men 
through a thou- 
sand years or 
more. Most of 
ours have ex- 
isted less than 
fifty years, but 
those fifty 
years have 
been years of 
such accom- 
plishment as 
Europe could 
well be proud 
of. The fairest 
city in Europe, 
at the end of 
its first fifty 
years, was 
hardly more than a collection of mud hovels. 
The beautiful city of Bergen in Norway has 
a thousand years of history, but it has no 
sanitary sewer. None of our cities is without 
the beginnings of adornment. Many have 
streets and districts of real beauty already. 
None has failed to pay more and more attention 
to it as it has grown in age and wealth. All 
give attention to the public health, by supply- 
ing wholesome water in place of the dangerous 
shallow well, sewer connection in place of the 




Fig. 



5-- 



dangerous private cesspool, and seek to educate 
their citizens to accept the protection thus 
offered; while active citizens unwearicdly cam- 
paign to make known defects in these services 
and secure their remedy. Detroit has a splen- 
did water service with a tap in use for every five 
people in the district, at a high cost, though she 
has the good fortune to have a great river of 
water of unsurpassed clearness flowing past 
her streets. Saginaw, under the disadvantage 
of a sluggish stream of turbid water, provides 

a tap for every 
twelve of her 
inhabitants, 
besides a hun- 
dred deep wells 
on her streets, 
and she is now 
busy preparing 
to improve the 
supply by 
filtration. The 
other cities of 
the state have 
water supplies 
between these 
extremes. The 
amount of 
water delivered 
to each tap 
varies from 
three hundred 
and sixty- one 
gallons a day 
at Kalamazoo, 
where they 
have meters in 
every house 
and pay for all they use, to twelve hundred at 
Bay City, where forty-four per cent of their 
services are metered and the peojile furthermore 
are buying bottled waters for drinking. Where 
table water is bought in the street, it costs 
from eight to ten cents a gallon; city supplies, 
including interest charges, cost from two to nine 
cents a thousand gallons. A third of the people 
of Saginaw have their homes connected with 
the sewers, half the people of Kalamazoo and 
Battle Creek, sixty per cent of those of Jackson 



CopjTlsbt, 1910. by Unrk Jefferson 

The organization of county government. 



36 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 



and Bay City, and three quarters of those of 
Grand Rapids. These improvements have made 
Michigan cities safe places to live in. Their 
annual deaths for a thousand inhabitants rarely 
exceed fifteen, which is somewhat less than the 
average for all parts of the United States where 
these statistics are kept, including the healthful 
country with the less wholesome cities. 

It is a great credit to the larger Michigan 
cities that they have done so much for these 
public services, that they have given publicity 
to dangers that threatened the citizens in 
order to secure a remedy. It is a great credit 
to a city like Marquette, whose water supply is 
occasionally threatened by 
a wind that sweeps traces 
of sewage into the part of 
the lake where she takes 
her water, that she pub- 
lishes daily analyses of the 
water, that all may know 
whether danger threatens 
and how often danger 
occurs. There are always 
those in any community 
who oppose such publicity 
on the plea that it is not 
good "business" to admit 
that the home city has 
any defect. 

Detroit and Near - by 
Cities. Detroit, the chief 
city of the state, stands 
on the first high ground on 
the west bank of the Detroit River as one 
ascends from Lake Erie. Rather a strait 
(detroit) than a river it seemed to the French- 
men who named it. (Fig. 53.) At the 
gateway to one of the richest provinces of 
Canada, with all the long-distance commerce 
of the lakes passing its wharves, with all 
Michigan behind it, it is destined to be a 
great trade center and an important customs 
port. Railroads radiate from it in every 
direction, and many of the great shipping 
interests that handle the grain, ore, and coal 
traffic of the Great Lakes make it their head- 
quarters, while smaller steamer lines start 
from here. Here, for a long time, railway 




Fig. 53. .4 map of the Detroit River, and vicinity 



ferries have transported loaded trains into 
Canada on the great continental lines, which 
now pass through a great tunnel of twin tubes 
beneath the river, uninterrupted by the ice of 
future winters. From this point the United 
States government exercis^ supervision over 
the vessels and waterways of the lakes. Here 
are extensive shipyards fos the construction 
and repair of vessels employed in the lake 
trade. Grain, lumber, wool, and meats are 
trans-shipped here in large quantities. The city 
contains the chief offices of several of the large 
lumber corporations which operate in the for- 
ests of nortliern Michigan and Canada. The 
unrivaled shipping facili- 
ties and easily obtained 
fuel and raw materials 
have made Detroit a manu- 
facturing cit}' of high rank. 
The chemicals, tobacco, and 
garden seeds put up here 
are widely known. Among 
other important manufac- 
tures are stoves, locomo- 
tives, railway cars, and 
leather goods. 

Detroit is an attractive 
city, with well-kept streets 
and a park system that is 
almost without rival in the 
country; of this Belle Isle 
is the finest feature. As 
Michigan grows in popula- 
tion Detroit is sure of 
growing importance among American cities. 
About thirty-five miles west of Detroit, on the 
Huron River, is Aim Arbor, the seat of the State 
University. (Fig. 54.) It is also the trade center 
of a prosperous agricultural region and has 
flouring mills and a number of manufactories. 
Southwest of Ann Arbor, in Lenawee County, 
stands Adrian, a trade center of southeastern 
Michigan, with flourishing manufactures. It 
has two of the largest wire fence factories 
in the world. Adrian College and the State 
Industrial School for Girls are located here. 

Twenty-six miles northwest of Detroit, on 
the Clinton River, is Poiitiac, within a lake 
district which forms an attractive and popular 



DETROIT RIVER 
and vicinity 

Scale 



.S Slaliitt Miles Ic otic inch 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 



37 




Fn 



I The Law Building oj llic Slate University at 
Ann Arbor. 



summer resort region. The near-by territory 
produces wheat, rye, apples, and peaches, 
much of which is ship>ped by Pontiac to Detroit. 
Carriages and automobiles are manufactured. 
Pontiac is the site of an asylum for the insane. 

Northeast of Detroit, on the St. Clair Ri\er 
near the southernmost point of Lake Huron, 
is Port Huron, a commercial town with natural 
advantages similar to those of Detroit. It is the 
headquarters for boating and fishing interests, 
and has some trade in lumber and a shipyard. 
At Port Huron the railroad connection between 
the United States and Canada is made by 
means of the noted St. Clair tunnel, which 
passes beneath the river bed. Salt deposits 
and oil wells are found in the vicinity. 

Saginaw Valley and Lake Huron Towns. In 
the early days of lumbering the great pine 
woods of the Saginaw, there was no railroad 
to e.Kport the lumber. The necessary line of 
movement was by Saginaw River and Bay, 
and thus were fostered the two cities. Bay 
City, at the mouth of the river, and Saginaw, 
where the first ridges of higher ground come 
to the river right and left. It is the same 
ridge that guides the Tittabawassee and Cass 
rivers to join the Saginaw backhandedly. 
For many years these places had no rivals 
as lumber towns. With the coming of the 
railroads and the exhaustion of the pine 
from the valley, the influence that gave them 
their first impetus to growth was lost. Both 
were slightly larger in 1890 than in 1900. 
The great j'ear of the lumbering was li 



Now both cities have resumed their growth 
in healthy dependence on the varied resources 
of the surrounding country, among which is 
foremost the agriculture for which the lumber- 
ing cleared the ground. It is a resource that 
will do more for Saginaw every year, as popu- 
lation increases in the district and methods of 
cultivation improve. Bay City still handles 
many logs from the north, and coal mining has 
been developed in the vicinity of both places. 

Saginaw. Four wards of Saginaw are shown 
on the map (Fig. 55) to have a greater density 
of population than 10,000 to the square mile, yet 
it is a city of suburban type, with much light 
and air. Many residence districts, like Michigan 
Avenue, Jefferson, and much of Genesee, are 
well kept and have beautiful homes. Trees are 
everywhere and beautiful, and on the east side 
parks have already taken the place of much low 
bayou ground , more of which will be redeemed 
when the Rust Lake improvement is finished. 




SAGINAW 1909 

Copyright. 101<\ bj Mub Jefferson 

Fig. 55. The dotted portions oj the city near the 
boundaries are thinly built up. The business 
districts are shown by the crosslink shading, the 
residential region by the parallel ruling. Small 
circles show where the finest places are. The wards 
are numbered, the small numbers iii parentheses 
being the number oj inhabitants to a square mile. 



38 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 



The post-office lawn, the bit of grass to 
the northeast, and the Hoyt Memorial 
Library and its grounds are hard to 
match in a city of the size. The refer- 
ence library itself is a monument to the 
devotion of one of the city's builders 
and to the culture of the people. 

The health of the city is good, but its 
situation has made its sanitary problems 
difficult. The river is sluggish to remove 
sewage rapidly. The service water taken 
from the river needs a filtration plant 
that the city is planning to erect to 
make it satisfactory to the people. At 
present it is little used for drinking. 
If you stand at one of the street corners 
in Saginaw some morning, you will see 
some one come to a pump like the one 
shown in Fig; 56, work it heavily, drink from the 
cup attached, and pass on. Presently another 
comes from a store with 
a pail, fills it, and goes 
back. If you have the 
curiosity to try the pump 
you find it goes hard. 
The rod is long and heavy 
and lifts the water from 
a depth of more than one 
hundred feet. Saginaw 
has not one town pump, 
but one hundred and fif- 
teen of them — the Deep 
Wells. Also, there are 
some fifty private ones. 
The Deep Waters satisfy 
the eye by their bright- 
ness, and are safe though 
often rather salt. When 
the neighbors get to- 
gether fifty dollars they 
take it to the city clerk, 
and if there is money 
enough in the well fund, 
one hundred is put with 
it and a deep well driven. 
This and bottled waters 
sold from carts have 
been the main depend- 
ence for drinking water. 




nopyrighl, 1910, bj Mark Jeffenoa 

Fig. 56. One of the 

Deep Wells at 

Saginaw. 




BAY CITY with the wards of 1904 

C..[.Tright, iMlu. by .Mark Jefffrai.o 

Fig. 57. The business district is crosslined. The fine 
residence region is shaded with parallel lines, the most 
luxurious with little circles. The ward numbers are in 
two series, as at the time of the last slate census in 1904 
there were two cities. Bay City and West Bay City, 
united in JQo^. The numbers in parentheses are the 
number of people to the square mile. 



As said before, Saginaw is now a 
growing city. Lumber is still important 
and leads to other manufactures, — of 
furniture, woodenware, flooring, doors, 
sashes, boxes, barrels, and chemicals 
obtained from wood. Salt is obtained 
from the rocks beneath the city and also 
coal, as is evidenced by great black 
heaps in the southern part of the city. 
In the city's near farm lands, beets are 
cultivated for an active share in Michi- 
gan's output of sugar. (Fig. 21.) 

Bay City. Bay City (Fig. 5 7 ) has grown 
up from a number of villages at the last 
bend of the Saginaw River before it 
joined the bay. Low beaches of the 
ancient lakes here lift the ground a little 
above the marshes and the bay. In 1837 
lower Saginaw was platted about where the 
business center now is on the east side; the whole 
left bank was at that 
time reserved to the 
Indians. Twenty-two 
years later this was 
incorporated as the 
village of Bay City, witli 
extension to the river 
on the north, and 
including Portsmouth 
village on the south as 
far as the present 
Twenty-fourth Street. 
By 1862 there was 
enough demand for 
wharf privileges to send 
business over to the left 
bank, where the village 
of Salzburg was platted. 
In 1865 Bay City 
received a city charter 
and was fairly doubled 
in size by the addition 
of a residential strip on 
the east. The next year 
another settlement on 
the west bank had 
become large enough to 
incorporate as the vil- 
lage of Wenona, and 



i — I — I — 1 — I — i- 



1 •:: Stnfutf Stilet to otie I'ntA 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 



39 



still another at Banks in 187 1. All of this 
growth shows how lumbering was thriving and 
booming through those years. Two years more 
passed, and Bay City annexed another frag- 
ment of Portsmouth on the south. In 1877 
West Bay City was incorporated with all the 
territory on the left bank as now. Finally in 
1905 West Bay City (13,000) and Bay City 
(27,000) were united under the latter name. 

The lumber boom reached its highest point 
about 1888. In 1882 there were eighty mills on 
the eighteen miles of river between Saginaw and 
Bay City. Here the logs were rough-sawed 
and exported in that form; 
over a billion feet in that 
year, and all of it went out 
by water. Now there are but 
eight mills, seven of them at 
Bay City. In 1908 Bay City 
made but a third of a billion 
feet of lumber, not rough- 
sawed now, but finished mill 
products. Of the rough logs 
used a quarter w-ere imported 
from Canada. Of this 
300,000,000 board feet of 
product only 125,000 were 
taken away by boat, so little 
does the river figure in the 
city's life to-day. The cement 
factory, it is true, shipped 
its output of 1908 by water. 
The banks of the Saginaw 
River here are lined with 
wharves and basins, admir- 
ably connected with the 
railway. A branch of the Detroit & Cleveland 
line of steamers comes here and to Saginaw, 
but almost all of the business that sustains 
both cities moves now by rail. 

The lumber mills are bound to run as long 
as logs can be obtained. Other manufacturing 
industries in iron and wood have been fostered 
by the presence of skilled labor, such as the 
making of railroad wrecking cranes, wooden and 
steel boats, and bicycles. There are also iron 
plate mills and a large cement factory. The 
coal mines sell their product locally at $3 50 
per ton. Three sugar factories put the city in 




Copyright. 1910, by Mark .lefferion 

Fig. 5S. Among tlie jack pines of Roscommon 
County. 



the best of relations with its farm neighborhood. 
The alcohol distilled from their refuse is said to 
have paid a Federal tax of more than two million 
dollars. Turpentine is being profitably distilled 
from old Norway pine stumps that have long 
disfigured the landscape of the northern counties 
and embarrassed agriculture there. Bay City's 
interests are henceforward closely bound up 
with the development of the surrounding 
country. The farmer is to be more to her 
than the lumberman or the sailor. 

Water for the city use is here drawn from 
the entrance to Saginaw Bay and is unsightly 
but not unsafe, except when 
the engineer opens the valve 
into the river because the 
west wind makes water low 
in the bay. The sewage goes 
to the river and moves off 
sluggishly. Much bottled 
water sold on the streets 
indicates that the well-to-do 
are willing to pay a high 
price for drinking water that 
is white and clear. 

A grateful spot for the 
people in summer is 
the electric railway com- 
pany's park at Wenona 
Beach, on a grassy shore 
under the willows. Shade 
trees are abundant through- 
out the city. Some of the 
streets are fairly parklike, 
and sumptuous residences 
suggest prosperity. 
Flint, on the Flint River, thirty-four miles 
southeast of Saginaw, bases its prosperity on 
the handling of farm produce, on flour and 
woolen mills, and on its woodworking industries. 
Flint leads the world in the manufacture of 
medium-grade carriages. One large factory 
turns out 400 sets of carriage wheels as well 
as 100 sets of automobile wheels a day. The 
making of automobiles has become an impor- 
tant industry in Flint with the result that the 
growth of the city, following the great increase 
in motor plants, was beyond its housing capacity. 
On the Shiawassee River, twenty-five miles to 



40 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 



the west of Flint, and well within the central 
coal fields of the state, lies the flourishing town 
of Owosso. It has an extensive country trade, 
manufactures wooden house fittings of various 
kinds, and is the seat of railway shops. 

On Thunder Bay, an inlet of Lake Huron, lies 
Alpena, a lumbering town with a trade in finished 
lumber and manufactures of laths and shingles. 
Here are large cement 
works and a United 
States fish hatchery. 

Grand River Valley 
Towns. Grand Rapids 
is a beautiful city of 
100,000 inhabitants, 
open built and country- 
like in the size of its 
house lots. Only ward 
seven on the west side 
attains a density of 
population of 10,000 to 
the square mile, though 
three and ten come very 
near it. (Fig. 59.) The 
high terrace bluffs that 
here inclose the valley 
stand some distance 
back from the Grand 
River on the west side, 
with the result that in 
high waters a consider- 
able strip on that side is 
liable to flood. Against 
this danger the city has 
reared the protection of 
a massive flood wall. 
On the east the bluffs 
rise closer to the river's 
edge, and the slopes are 
parklike, with beautiful 
homes a very short dis- 
tance from the business district. Some of these 
places have grounds so well cared for and so 
ample that they are truly palatial, but open 
to public view and enjoyment of all who pass. 
Most of the homes of the laboring men, too, 
are neat and attractive. Individual neglected 
ones occur in any quarter, but homes that are 
entirely attractive and charming are to be 




Scale 

1 % Stntutc Mitea to mu inch 



GRAND RAPIDS 

Copyright, IBIO, by M»rk Jefferson 

Fig. 59. The dotted areas toward the outer boundaries 
of the city are still thinly built up. Within are seen 
the narrower limits of the city as chartered in i8jo and 
the 'village limits of i8jj. The crosslined area is the 
busittess district, the single parallel lines show the 
residence district, the small circles designating finest 
houses. The continuous black lines are contours, or 
level lines running 50, 100, and 150 feet above the low 
water in the river. Wards are numbered, and in 
parentheses are given the number of people to the 
square mile in each. 



found in every part of the city. Usually in our 
zone of the west winds, the western districts 
come to be sought after sooner or later for 
residential districts, since there one has the 
cleaner, purer air from the country. This is 
true, for instance, notably in the west end of 
London and of Boston. Probably our cities are 
too open yet to feel the difference. In Grand 

Rapids the western 
slopes have only the 
rather ornate John Ball 
Park; for the rest they 
are little used. Luxury 
distinctly lives to the 
eastward. Perhaps 
the height of the eastern 
slopes above the river 
gives them a cleaner 
sweep of air from the 
country off to the west- 
ward; perhaps the valley 
depth swings the west 
winds locally into a 
southern direction. The 
city owes its start to 
the Grand River and the 
rapids. Down the river 
came the splendid logs 
of the central valley as 
at Saginaw, with the 
especial advantage here 
of water power to saw 
them by. The preva- 
lence of suitable hard 
woods early led to 
furniture making, which 
became so well estab- 
lished at last that now 
the city maintains a 
well-deserved reputation 



for its product, long after 
the neighboring forests are gone and the lumber 
must be imported from a distance. A consider- 
able population means a steady demand for 
produce supplies, and a wide tributary region 
has become the agricultural province of the city. 
Thus Grand Rapids ships very large quantities 
of fruit. This province is large enough and rich 
enough to assure a steady future growth. Grand 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 



41 




Fig. 60. A view of lb 



ral College at Lansing. 



Rapids' slogan, "Grand Rapids knows how," 
may bring a smile to the faces of citizens of 
would-be rival towns, yet they admit she has 
known how to do some things. Only in Detroit 
and Grand Rapids may the citizens of Michigan 
obtain certified milk. Almost unique in city 
government is Grand Rapids' contract with 
her manager of public works, engaged, not 
elected, on business qualifications, to get the 
city's work done for her. The city's water is 
taken from the Grand River, into which, of 
course lower down, the sewage is also dis- 
charged. The supply is plentiful and cheap, 
as the lawns abundantly testify. It is not 
satisfactory to the citizens for table use. It is 
probable that, before long, filtration will be 
resorted to and will supply water of satisfactory 
clearness and undoubted safety. 

The gypsum mined near the city is manu- 
factured into various forms of plaster. 

Lansing, the capital of Michigan, lies on the 
Grand River in the fertile farming section 
of the south central part of the state. Beets 
from which beet sugar is made are grown in 
the vicinity. Other manufactured products 
are automobiles, agricultural implements, gas 
engines, cars, wagons, and furniture. The 
State Reform School, State School for the 
Blind, and the Michigan Agricultural College 
(Fig. 60) are located in and near the city. 



Jackson. The business center of 
Jackson has moved off somewhat 
to the east of the old village of 
Jacksonburg. (Fig. 61.) The city 
has gentle relief, which makes its 
residence district in the west the 
more attractive. It is well supplied 
with railroads, and is a normal, 
steadily growing city of 31,000, 
serving a wide countryside that 
buys of it, and sells it farm 
produce. Manufacturing has had 
a natural development. The water 
supply is from twelve wells in the 
rock, and is abundant and clear. 
Analyses of the water are not 
made, but the low death rate from 
typhoid fever in the city suggests 
its purity. Jackson may take great 
credit for the scientific disposal of its sewage, 
which is a great safeguard to its neighbors 
downstream. The state prison is located here. 




JACKSON 1909 

CflpjrrlcLl. IPIO. bj Hark JdTenwn 

Fig. 61. The central plat of Jacksonburg of 1S4J is 
shown and the limits under which Jackson was incorpo- 
rated a city in 18^7, The business center is crosstincd, 
and the parallel lines indicate the better residences, small 
circles marking the finest. The dotted areas are thinly 
built up. The numbers are ward numbers and people 
to the square mile in each. 



42 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 



Jackson is about the southernmost point at 
which Michigan coals have been mined. 

Towns of the Kalamazoo Valley. Where 
the blufl's that bound the \-alley of the Kalama- 
zoo River on either side draw apart to twice 
their usual distance of about a mile, Kalamazoo 
stands (Fig. 62) on a terrace some twenty feet 
above the water. Here was a plat of rich, level 
land safe above ordinar}' floods, and ample for 
a considerable farming 
settlement. The Bronson 
of 1834 and 1S44 stood 
wholly on this terrace of 
the left bank. The Kala- 
mazoo that inherited the 
site has expanded across 
the river to the east- 
ward. On the western 
bluff stand the fine build- 
ings of the Western State 
Normal School, with a 
splendid view across the 
valley. Behind this is 
the State Asylum for the 
Insane, and the Kalama- 
zoo College occupies a 
fine crest a little farther 
north. The main home 
of the well-to-do is tlie 
west and southwest, 
while business clings as 
usual to the earliest \il- 
lage site, where homes 
have mostly given place 
to stores and places of 
business. 

In the south and 
southwest the flood 
plain of Portage Creek 




Scale 



I li^i-^Statulr Xile»tu 



occupies still lower 

ground, on which are the city wells and pumping 
station, shown on the map by a star. This 
district stands below the city sewers, and, to 
prevent contamination of the bright, transparent 
city water supply, a sanitary district has been 
formed where the health ofificer supervises the 
complete removal of all house wastes. No 
bottled water is offered for sale in Kalamazoo. 
The people are satisfied with their public 



supply. The supply is, of course, less abundant 
than if a river could be drawn on, but meters 
are put in all the houses, so that Kalamazoo 
uses her water economically. In 1893, before 
meters were put in, 787,000,000 gallons of 
water were pumped. In 1908 this had dropped 
off to 245,000,000, a saving that other cities 
might emulate. Lawns are doubtless less 
lavishly watered than in Grand Rapids and 

Saginaw, where nearly 
three times as much 
water is used at each 
tap. The health of the 
city is good, the death 
rate low, especially when 
we deduct the number 
of people from other 
counties that die in the 
asylum. Connection with 
the sewer is compulsory, 
and being made as 
rapidly as the work can 
be carried forward . The 
city has abundant air. 
Its densest population 
is 4,400 to the square 
mile. Railways radiate 
in every direction, giving 
good connections with 
the farm lands about 
and with other cities. 
Water power lends its 
aid to industry, in which 
the paper mills doubt- 
less lead. It gives some 
idea of their importance 
to learn that their daily 
output is nineteen car- 
loads of paper, their daily 
consumption of material 



KALAMAZOO 1909 

Ci'pvriilit. ll'Iii, lij .Muk Jefferson 

Fig, 62. The heavy line in the middle of the mapbounds 
Bronson, the original village of 1834. A lighter line 
shows the expansion northward in 1S44, while a dated 
line at the top of the map indicates the Kalamazoo of 
i8j3. The doited areas near the boundaries are little 
built up yet. Crosslining in the center marks the 
business district, single parallel lines the better resi- 
dences, with circles suggesting the finest. The wards are 
numbered, numbers in parentheses giving the density of 
the population per square mile. Bluffs are shown in 
the west and east by bands of short parallel lines. 

and coal, seventy. Auxiliary industries are estab- 
lishments making envelopes, paper boxes, blank 
books, calendars, labels, and playing cards. Vehi- 
cles are shipped daily in ten-carload lots. In all, 
Kalamazoo claims 9,000 industrial emplo^'ees. 

The streets are well kept. Bronson Park is 
a beauty spot. A fine public library attests 
the public spirit of its donors, Dr. and Mrs. 
V. Van Duzen. 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAX 



43 



Battle Creek. Battle Creek (Fig. 63) is situated 
at the junction with the Kalamazoo River of the 
creek that gives the city its name. The river 
flats are somewhat complicated here by glacial 
gravels, in one of whose hollows to the southwest 
Lake Goguac lies, and by the presence of the 
Marshall sandstone, which comes to the surface 
on the hillslope of west Main Street and other 
points in the city. The stone has been quarried 
to some extent and used for building. There 
is probably no other city in the Southern 
Peninsula with rock outcrops in its streets. It 
is, however, local. Round about the city the 
soil is deep and the farm 
land good. The city is 
openly built, with abun- 
dant light and air. The 
original village has 
become the business 
center. The finer resi- 
dences lie off mostly to 
the east; the sanitaria 
for which Battle Creek 
is famous, on the west. 
There is little display in 
Battle Creek, but much 
business activity. The 
city hall is inconspicu- 
ous, but their breakfast 
foods are widely known. 
The population is 

BATTLE 



about 25,000. 

The water power 
is used for many 
industries. Special- 
ties of Battle Creek are threshing machines, trac- 
tion engines, and steam pumps. Printing presses 
also are made, and other machines. There is good 
railway connection, and the city is market for a 
wide district of farms. Water is taken from Lake 
Goguac and is abundant, clear, and pure, though 
endangered by drainage from houses about the 
lake, a condition that will doubtless be removed 
when the city becomes conscious of its wealth. 
The Kalamazoo River is here becoming too small 
for continued use as an outlet for sewage. 
As the city becomes larger, here too a change 
will inevitably be made. Jackson, still farther 
upstream, has already installed filter beds. 





Battle Creek is the headquarters of the 
Seventh Day Adventists. 

Lake Michigan Towns. On the shore of Lake 
Michigan on Black Lake Harbor is Holland, a port 
from which the products of the near-by fruit- 
growing district are shipped. It also ships grain 
and stone from quarries in the vicinity. It has a 
large beet-sugar factory and also manufactures 
furniture. Holland is the seat of Hope College. 
Thirty-eight miles north and west of Grand 
Rapids, near the mouth of the Muskegon River, 
lies Muskegon. The river widens out from this 
point to the lake and forms the finest harbor 

on the east shore of 
Lake Michigan. Besides 
a large lake trade it has 
a number of flourishing 
manufactories. 

M ail istec , a Lake 
Michigan port at the 
mouth of the Manistee 
River, is the center of 
the chief salt-producing 
district of the state. The 
river still brings logs 
from the interior coun- 
ties, and the town is 
noted for the production 
of shingles. Among other 
industries are included 
the making of watches, 
shirts, and gloves. The 
Manistee Iron Works 
plant is one of the 
finest in the state. 
At the extreme southern end of Grand Traverse 
Bay is Traverse City, with an attractive situa- 
tion at the foot of fine morainic hills to the 
west. The town has sawmills, woodworking 
and other factories, and is a market for the 
products of the near-by farming district. An 
asylum for the insane is located here. 

Towns of the Northern Peninsula. One of 
the leading lumber towns of the peninsula is 
Menominee, on Green Bay, Lake Michigan, at 
the mouth of the Menominee River. Great 
quantities of timber, rough and finished, are 
shipped, and there is a large wholesale trade 
in groceries and hardware. Varied industries, 



CREEK 

L'l^iivrrfiht. r.'llt. I'f Mu»k Ji-flcrsnn 

Fig. 63 . The map shows the village plat of iS^o 
and the corporation of 18 jQ. Crosslines show 
the business area, parallel lines the residence 
district, and small circles the finest homes. 



44 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 



including malleable iron and steel works, fac- 
tories for making shoes, sand brick, electric 
specialties, paper, and beet sugar, have been 
established. First-class water power is being 
developed here. To the north of Menominee, 
and inland near the Menominee River, is Iron 
Mountain. It is the supply point of a large mining 
district, and ships large quantities of iron ore. 

East of Menominee is Escanaha, on a great 
sand spit in an arm of Green Bay, Lake Michigan, 
one of the two great shipping ports for Michigan 
iron ore. The spit, projecting into the bay 
like the point of the letter V, shuts off Little 
Bay de Noc from Green Bay; so the ore piers 
are on the sheltered 
northern side, while the 
fine residences and a 
neat little park front 
the water on the south. 
Lumbering is an impor- 
tant interest in the 
surrounding area, and 
large shipments of lum- 
ber are made, with 
extensive manufactories 
for various articles from 
hard wood found near 
by. A large number of 
the people are engaged 
in fishing. 

SaiiU Ste. Marie, at the falls of the St. Marys 
River and on the famous Soo Canal, is a well- 
known town of the upper peninsula. Lying 
between lakes Superior and Huron, the com- 
mercial lake fleet of the United States passes 
through the great locks here. (Fig. 64.) Con- 
nected with Canada by a railroad bridge, at the 
junction of three railroad lines, and having 
direct water routes to all important ports on 
the lakes, Sault Ste. Marie commands every 
advantage for holding and widely increasing 
its importance as a trade center. At present 
lumbering, fishing, and manufacturing are the 
chief industries, but the great water power 



^LbiL. 






m^^^: 


^^^|fea^i#5^?sl 


Lcgtt 






^^^ml 


wm^- 


p-^- 




^t '^ 


- ^a 


3 


1^ 



Fig. 64. Locking a ^00-footer through the Soo locks. 



recently developed seems destined to create 
a much wider range of interests. Agriculture 
is being rapidly developed in the near-by area, 
and already large shipments of hay have been 
made to Boston by Canadian railways. 

An important outlet of the Marquette and 
Gogebic iron-mining regions and one of the 
two great ore-shipping points of Michigan is 
Marquette, located on Iron Bay, Lake Superior. 
(Fig. 49.) Coal cargoes brought here by the 
returning ore carriers make the city a distributing 
point for the coal supply of the Upper Lake 
Region. Lumbering, carried on extensively in 
this part of the Northern Peninsula, supplies 
material for several lum- 
ber-working industries. 
Here is one of the largest 
charcoal furnaces in the 
world. The easily sup- 
plied hard wood is used 
for the charcoal, and 
wood alcohol and acetic 
acid are extracted from 
the smoke usually 
allowed to escape from 
the pits. Marquette is the 
seat of one of the state 
normal schools. The 
city is one of the most 
attractive in the region 
as it nestles at the foot of wooded hills among 
the rocks on the shore of beautiful Lake Superior. 
West of Marquette lies Ishpeming, another of 
the leading cities of the Marquette iron district. 
Most of the timber which once covered this 
region has been cut, and the famous lumbering 
interests have given way to the development 
of the steadily increasing number of iron mines 
and to the farms that are taking the place 
once occupied by the timber. 

In the Gogebic iron district, the extreme 
northwest portion of the state, is Iroiiwood, 
an important town of this section. The mining 
of iron ore is the chief interest. 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 



45 



Statistics of the State of Michigan by Counties, from the Federal Census of 1900 and 1910 

and State Census of 1904. 



Alcona 

Alger 

Allegan 

Alpena 

Antrim 

Arenac 

Baraga 

Barry 

Bay 

Benzie 

Berrien 

Branch 

Calhoun 

Cass 

Charlevoix. . . 
Cheboygan.. . 
Chippewa. . . . 

Clare 

Clinton 

Crawford .... 

Delta 

Dickinson .... 

Eaton 

Emmet 

Genesee 

Gladwin 

Gogebic 

Grand Traverse 

Gratiot 

Hillsdale. . . . 
Houghton. . . 

Huron 

Ingham 

Ionia 

Iosco 

Iron 

Isabella. . . . 

Jackson 

Kalamazot . . 
Kalkaska. . . . 

Kent 

Keweenaw. . . 

Lake 

Lapeer 

Leelanau. . . . 

Lenawee 

Livingston. . . 

Luce 

Mackinac. . . . 

Macomb 

Manistee. . . . 
Marquette . . 

Mason 

Mecosta 

Menominee. . 

Midland 

Missaukee. . . 

Monroe 

Montcalm. . . 
Montmorency 
^luskcgon. . . 
Newaygo .... 

Oakland 

Oceana 

Ogemaw 

Ontonagon.. . 

Osceola 

Oscoda 

Otsego 

Ottawa 

Presque Isle.. 
Roscommon.. 

Saginaw 

St. Clair 

St. Joseph. . . 

Sanilac 

Schoolcraft. . 
Shiawassee.. . 

Tuscola 

Van Buren.. . 
Washtenaw. . 

WaN-ne 

Wexford 



ORGANI- 
ZATION 



1869 
l88s 
lS.\S 
I8S7 
1863 
1883 
187s 
1839 
1857 
1869 
1831 
1833 
1833 
1829 
1869 
1853 
1827 
1871 
1839 
1879 
1S61 
1891 
1837 
1853 
1S36 
1875 
1S87 
1851 
1855 
183s 
1848 
1859 
183S 
1837 
1857 
1885 
1S59 
1832 
1830 
1871 
1836 
1861 
1871 
183s 
1863 
1827 
i8?6 
1887 
1818 
1818 
18S5 
1851 
ISSS 
i8S9 
1863 
I8S5 
1871 
1817 
1850 
1881 
I8S9 
1851 
1S20 
185s 
1875 
1852 
1869 
i88t 
1S75 
1837 
1871 
1875 
1833 
1821 
1S29 
1850 
1871 
1837 
1850 
1837 
1826 
1796 
i859 



690 
924 
839 
584 
491 
36s 
890 
572 
437 
309 
566 
S04 
697 
Soo 
423 
78s 

1.S80 
575 
570 
575 

1,127 
756 
566 
462 
468 
S«o 

1,152 
496 
572 
60, s 

1,077 
841 
547 
575 
560 

1,143 
568 
695 
575 
570 
862 
S70 
575 
667 
355 
742 
575 
91S 

1,140 
460 
547 

1.839 
SOI 
567 

1,044 
51S 
566 
572 
720 
561 

522 

8si 
897 
565 
568 

1.355 
575 
572 
529 
S6l 
65o 
535 
832 
690 
506 
966 

1,151 
542 
814 

62.i 

690 

626 

575 



POPULATION 



1910 



5,703 

7.675 
39,819 
19,965 
15,692 

9,040 

6,127 
22,633 
68.238 
10,638 
53.622 
25.605 
56,638 
20,624 
19,157 
17.872 
24,472 

9,240 
23,129 

3,034 
30,108 
20,524 
30.490 
18,561 
64,555 

8,413 
23.333 
23.784 
28.S20 
29.673 
88.098 
34,758 
S3. 310 
33,550 

9,753 
15,164 
23.029 
53,426 
60,427 

8.0Q7 
159,145 

7.156 

4,939 
26,033 
10,608 
47,907 
17,736 

4,004 

0,249 
32,006 
26.688 
46,739 
21,832 
19,466 
25.648 
14.005 
10,606 
32,917 
32,069 

3,755 
40,577 
19,220 
49,576 
lS,379 

8,907 

8,650 
17.8S9 

2.027 

6.552 
45.3°i 
11,249 

2,274 
89,290 
52.341 
25.499 
33.930 

8.681 
33.246 
34.913 
33.185 
44.714 
531. SOO 
20,769 



1900 



FARM PROPERTY 
INCLUDING 
LIVE STOCK 



S.69I 

5.858 
38.812 
18.254 
16,568 

9,821 

4.320 
22.514 
62,378 

9.68s 
49.165 
27,811 
49.315 
20,876 
13.956 
15.516 
21.33S 

8,360 
25,136 

2,943 
23.8S1 
17,890 
31,668 
IS. 931 
41,804 

6,564 
16,738 
20,479 
29,889 
29,865 
66,063 
34.162 
39.818 
34,329 
10,246 

8,990 
2 2. 7 84 
48,222 
44,310 

7.133 
129.714 

3.217 

4.957 
27,641 
10,556 
48,406 
19,664 

2,983 

7,703 
33.244 
27.856 
41.239 
18,885 
20.693 
27,046 
14.439 

9,.io8 
32,754 
32,754 

3.234 
37.036 
17.673 
44.792 
16.644 

7.76s 

6.197 
17.859 

1.468 

6.175 
39,667 

8,821 

1.787 
81,222 
55.228 
23.889 
35,055 

7,889 
33.866 
35,890 
33,274 
47,761 
348,793 
16,84s 



$ 



999,686 

153..3.S8 

19,850,228 

1,830,038 

2,447,490 

1,523,041 

360,308 

12,571.569 

9.016,945 

1,460,816 

22,665,285 

14.4S5.839 

18.729.349 

12,803,21 1 

2,309,833 

1,929,407 

2,156,569 

1.198,533 

16,886,491 

251,608 

1.737.452 

382,576 

16,065,393 

2,372,304 

18.880,467 

1,102.936 

81.554 

■4.346.397 

12.060,909 

17,284,810 

922,181 

13,341,896 

15,292,535 

15,858,240 

1,135,325 

2S3.529 

7.329,876 

18,102.132 

16,238,917 

1,265.685 

23,908,449 

50,410 

1.001,968 

13.853,063 

3,479,103 

25,593,766 

13.989,871 

249,494 

684,261 

17,958,652 

2,947,1 26 

1,101,078 

4.170.307 

4,888,663 

2,854,440 

3,669,1 18 

1,381,103 

17,694,164 

10,078,569 

525. 73S 

5,200,906 

5,604,225 

25,432.975 

6,086.834 

1.247,660 

377,124 

3,899.959 

280,058 

956,249 

13,666,423 

1,473,431 

175,897 

18,417,800 

15,814,229 

12,379,537 

14,566.513 

570,252 

15,028.753 

15.408,257 

16.434.647 

21.453.765 

35.171.688 

2.1 1 1,41 1 



FARM 
PRODUCTS 



MANU- 
FACTURES 



S 248,995 

48. 701 

2,825,954 

471,709 

573.252 

280,241 

98,11 1 

2,048,21 2 

1,406,587 

263,239 

3,206,441 

2,247,743 

2,996,360 

1,623,430 

5 5 5. 099 

469,191 

515.006 

260.812 

2,616,427 

105,487 

535,444 

70,6.11 

2,894,155 

491,736 

3,170,858 

207,030 

15.7S3 

863,484 

2,264,196 

2.885.257 

254.034 

2,346,970 

2,697,711 

2,367,1 22 

243,241 

67,171 

1,338,132 

2,874,495 

2,298,485 

328.020 

3,425.82s 

22,S08 

190,904 

2,383.332 

609,419 

4,005.543 
2,071,804 

78.063 

152,485 

2,244,447 

S17.S98 

217.511 

553.634 

886,621 

579,865 

707.087 

375.100 

2.775.428 

1,746,545 

151,248 

983,696 

873.572 

3.399.838 

1,051,925 

241,287 

69,684 

824,100 

71,480 

255,978 

2,200,192 

372,438 

39,393 

2,896,988 

2,333.156 

1,589,290 

2,784,242 

137.881 

2.506,845 

2,719,722 

2,437.110 

3,236,504 

3.356,843 

543,480 



S 527,134 
1.651,959 
1,862.480 
2,502,191 

3.137.374 

651,77s 

1.078,315 

1,462,197 
I 2,192,096 

627,886 
5,204,035 

2,773.219 
9,308,473 

1,774,341 

1,352.929 

2,082,497 

3.037,971 

593.712 

1,131,830 

639.568 

4.171.958 

701,398 

1.SS4.693 

1 ,402,695 

6,389,386 

276,196 

395,529 

1,890,144 

1.052.323 

2,224,447 

21,517,808 

1 ,266,016 

3,851,925 

4.219.547 

007.715 

512,271 

760,617 

8,149,969 

8,493.433 

S33.021 

26.540,215 

89.272 

762,937 

1,026,204 

4.715.277 

1.109,941 

441,750 

796,396 

1,187,75s 

5,958,136 

2,729.783 

2,672,163 

1,069,225 

6,635,883 

568,045 

433.177 

1,304,911 

1 ,827,077 

833.073 

7,438,285 

444,180 

4.889.777 

920.973 

38 2. 89 2 

530.755 

1.323,424 

131,021 

588,122 

5.051.165 

705,808 

272,200 

1 2,908,064 

6,027.378 

2,706,893 

827,163 

1,902,736 

2,877,700 

1,260,414 

1,131,984 

4,778,190 

111,868,788 

3.321.775 



COUNTY SEAT 



Harrisville 

Munising 

Allegan 

Alpena 

Bcllaire 

Staniiish 

L'Anse 

Hastings 

Bay City 

Honor 

St. Joseph 

Coldwater 

Marshall 

Cassopolis 

Charlevoix 

Cheboygan 

Sault Ste. Marie. 

Harrison 

St. Johns 

Gi-ayling 

Escanaba 

Iron Mountain. . 

Charlotte 

Petoskey 

*Flint 

Gladwin 

Bessemer 

Traverse City. . . 

Ithaca 

Hillsdale 

Houghton 

Bad Axe 

Mason 

Ionia 

Tawas 

Crystal Falls. . . . 

Mt. Pleasant. . . . 

♦Jackson 

♦Kalamazoo 

Kalkaska 

♦Grand Rapids. . . 

Eagle River 

Baldwin 

Lapeer 

Leland 

Adrian 

Howell 

Newberry 

St. Ignace 

Mt. Clemens. . . . 

Manistee 

Marquette 

Ludington 

Big Rapids 

Menominee 

Midland 

Lake City 

Monroe 

Stanton 

Atlanta 

Muskegon 

Newaygo 

Pontiac 

Hart 

West Branch. . . . 

Ontonagon 

Hersey 

Mio 

Gaylord 

Grand Haven. . , 

Rogers 

Roscommon. , . , 

■Saginaw 

Port Huron 

Centerville 

Sandusky 

Manistique 

Corunna 

Caro 

Paw Paw 

Ann Arbor 

'Detroit 

Cadillac 



POPULATION 



1904 



461 

2,000 

2.795 

12,400 

1,170 

949 

617 

3,558 

45.165 

250 

5,322 

6.225 

4.361 

1.477 

2.395 

5.730 

11.442 

547 

3.768 

1.282 

11,098 

8.58s 

4.726 

S.i85 

38,550 

1. 09 1 

3.1 11 

11.237 

1.920 

• 4.809 

4.345 

1.423 

1.955 

5.222 

1.245 

2.981 

4.484 

31.433 

39.437 

1.355 

112,571 

200 

486 

3,460 

350 

io,6So 

2,450 

1 ,256 

2,083 

7,108 

12,708 

10,665 

7.259 

4.852 

11.096 

2.S20 

724 

6.I2S 

1,120 

85 

20,897 

1.185 

10,884 

1,464 

1,495 

1,601 

31s 

150 

1,851 

5,239 

566 

407 

50,510 

20,028 

639 

729 

4,596 

1,601 

2,268 

1.747 

14.590 

465.766 

6.893 



403 

3,014 

2.557 

11,803 

1,157 

829 

620 

3.172 

27,628 

5. 1 55 
6,216 

4,370 
1,330 
2,079 
6,489 
10,538 
647 
3,388 

9,549 
9,242 
4,093 
5,28s 

13,103 
775 
3,911 
9.407 
2,020 
4.151 
3.359 
1.241 
1,828 
5.209 
1,228 
3.321 
3.662 

25.180 

24.404 
1.304 

87.S65 

343 
3.297 

9.654 
2.518 
1.01s 
2.27 I 
6.576 
14,260 
10,058 
7.155 
4,686 

I2,glg 

2,363 

8l5 

5. 043 

1,234 

20,8iS 
► 1,172 
9.760 
1.134 
1 ,41 2 
1,267 
327 

1,561 

4,743 

544 

465 

42,345 

19.158 

645 

578 

4,1 26 

l,Sio 

2,006 

1.46s 

14.509 

285.704 

S.997 



♦Federal Census, 1910. 



46 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 



Population of Michigan, Rank of State, and Density per 

Square Mile, at Each Federal Census from 

1810 to 1910. 



YEAR 


RANK 
OF 


TOTAL 
POPULATION 


INCREASE 
IN 


PER CENT 
OF 


DENSITY 
PER 










INCREASE 


SQ. MILE 


1810 


25 


4.762 




. 


0.08 


1820 


27 


8,806 


4.134 


86.8 


0.13 


1830 


27 


31.639 


22.743 


255 7 


.20 


1840 


2.5 


212,267 


180.628 


570 -9 


370 


1850 


20 


397.654 


185.387 


87.3 


6.90 


18O0 


16 


749.113 


351.459 


88.4 


13.00 


1870 


13 


1,184,059 


434.946 


58.1 


20.60 


1880 


9 


1.636,937 


452.87S 


38.2 


2S.S0 


1890 


9 


2,093,889 


456.952 


27-0 


36.50 


1900 


9 


2,420,982 


327.093 


156 


42. 20 


I910 




2,810,17,^ 


3.So,l9l 


16. I 


40.06 



State or Country of Birth of Population of Michigan, 
Federal Census for 1900. 

COUNTRY NUMBER 

Canada 184,398 

Germany 1 25,074 

England 43,839 

Holland 30,406 

Ireland 20,182 

Poland 28,286 

Sweden 26,956 

Finland 18,910 

Scotland 10,343 

Norway 7.582 

Denmark 6.390 

Italy 6.178 

Austria 6,049 

Russia 4.138 



STATE 

Native to state i 

New York 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania 

Indiana 

Wisconsin 

Illinois 

Vermont 

Massachusetts 

New Jersey 

Iowa 

Minnesota 

Maine 

Missouri 

Connecticut 

Other states and terri- 
tories 

Total native born. . . . 1 



.455.615 

156,489 

88,290 

30.674 

29.871 

22,256 

18.802 

6,759 

6.51s 

5.351 

4,866 

3.690 

3.572 

3.183 

3.132 

40.264 
.S79.329 



Other countries 6,296 

Totalforeign bom . .... ,541,653 



Population of the Leading Cities and Towns of Michigan 

at each Federal Census from 1850 to 1900, 

and State Estimates, 1904. 



tDetroit.. . . 
jGrand Rapids 

t Saginaw 

*East Saginaw 

■Bay City 

■ Kalamazoo.. . 

■Flint 

■■Jackson 

■Lansing 

■fBattle Creek.. 

Muskegon 

Port Huron . . . 
Ann Arbor. . . . 
West Bay City 

Manistee 

Alpena 

Ishpftming .... 
SaultSte. Marie 
Traverse City. . 

Escanaba 

Menominee.. . . 

Pontiac 

Adrian 

Marquette .... 

Ironwood 

Owosso 

Holland 

Iron Mountain. 

Laurium 

Ypsilanti 

Ludington .... 
Mount Clemens 

Cadillac 

Negaunee 

Cheboygan.. . . 
Benton Harbor 

Delray 

Coldwater.. . 

Monroe 

Hancock.. . . 
Calumet ... 



465,766 
112,5 
50,510 



45.166 

30.437 

38,550 

31.433 

31.220 

25.267 

20.897 

20.028 

14.599 

12.997 

12.708 

12.400 

11.623 

11.442 

11.237 

1 1 .098 

1 1 .096 

10.884 

10.6S0 

10.665 

lo.oig 

9.14s 

8.066 

8.58s 

7.653 

7.S87 

7.259 

7.108 

6.893 

6,797 

6,730 

6.702 

6,627 

6,225 

6,128 

6,037 

5. 500 



285,704 
87.565 
42.345 



27.62S 

24.404 

13.103 

25.180 

16.4S5 

18.563 

20.818 

19.158 

14.509 

13.110 

14.2O0 

II .So 2 

13.25s 

10.538 

9.407 

9. 540 

I2.8i8 

9.760 

9.654 

10.058 

0.705 

8.696 

7.790 

9.242 

5.643 

7.378 

7,166 

6,576 

5.907 

6,03 5 

6,489 

6,562 

4,573 

6,216 

S.043 

4,050 



1890 



205,876 
60,278 
46,322 



27.839 

17.853 

0.803 

20,708 

13.102 

13.197 

22.702 

13.543 

9.431 

12.981 

12,812 

11,283 

11.197 

5.760 

4.838 

6,8oS 

10,630 

6,200 

8,756 

9.093 

7.745 

6.564 

3.945 

8,599 

I. ISO 

6,129 

7.517 

4.748 

4.461 

6,078 

6,235 

3.692 



S.247 
5. 258 
1.772 



116.340 

32.016 

10.525 

19,016 

20,693 

13.552 

8.400 

16.105 

8.319 

7.063 

11,262 

8,883 

8,061 

6.397 

6.930 

6,153 

6,039 

1.047 

1.897 

3.026 

3.288 

4.509 

7.840 

4,690 

2,501 

2,620 



4,084 
4,190 
3,057 
2,213 

3.031 
2,260 
1,230 

4,681 
4.930 
1,783 



1S70 



79.577 

16.507 
7.460 

13.225 
7.064 
9.181 
5.386 

11.447 
5.241 
5.838 
6.002 
S.073 
7.363 

3.343 



4..W7 
8,43s 



2.06 
2.319 

5.47 

1,768 

2.559 

66 

4..?8 
5,086 



1S60 



45.619 

8.085 
1.699 
3.001 
1.583 
6,070 
2,950 
4.799 
3.074 



1.450 
4.371 
5.097 



596 



2,575 
6,213 



,160 



3.892 



1S50 



-I.OIQ 

2,686 



2.507 
1,670 
2.363 
1.229 
1,064 



1.584 



1,68 
' 136 



2,813 



Population of the Leading Cities and Towns — Continued. 



Wyandotte.. . , 

St. JoseT'h 

Grand Haven. 

Ionia 

Petoskey 

Woodmere. . . 

Albion 

Norway. 



Big Rapids.. . . 

Hillsdale 

Charlotte 

Niles 

Manistique. . . . 
MountPleasant 

Dowagiac 

Marshall 

Houghton . . . . 
Three Rivers. . 

Red Jacket 

St. Johns 

South Haven . . 
Marine City. . . 

BeMing 

Hastings 

Gladstone 

Lapeer 

Greenville. . . . 

Bessemer 

Crystal Falls. . 

Allegan 

Fenton 

St. Clair 

Sturgis 

Alma 

Tecumseh .... 

Midland 

St. Louis 

River Rouge . . 

Bovne 

Howell 

Grand Ledge . . 

Onaway 

Charlevoix .... 
Lake Linden . , 

Hudson 

Caro 

Eaton Rapids . 

Durand 

St. Ignace 

Otsego 

Vassar 

Munising 



5.425 

5.322 

5.239 

5.222 

S,i86 

5.034 

4.043 

4.864 

4. 85 2 

4.S00 

4.726 

4.641 

4.596 

4.4S4 

4.404 

4,361 

4.345 

3.9 

3.784 

3.76S 

3.767 

3.762 

3.654 

3.55S 

3.52S 

3.460 

3.421 

3.1 1 1 

2.081 

2.705 

2.684 

2.664 

2.593 

2.566 

2.525 

2,520 

2.S03 

2.474 

2. 453 

2.450 

2.439 

2.408 

2. 395 

2.347 

2.307 

2.268 

2.197 

2.166 

2.083 

2.045 

2.032 

2.000 



4.S19 
4.170 
4.686 
4.151 
4.002 
4.287 
4.1 26 
3.662 
4.151 
•1.370 
3.359 
3.550 
4.66S 
3.388 
4,009 
3,829 
3.282 
3.172 
3.380 
3.297 
3.3S1 
3.911 
3.231 
2.667 
2.40S 
2.543 
2.465 
2.047 
2.400 
2.363 
1.9S9 
1.74S 

012 
2.518 
2. 161 
1.204 
2.079 

2.597 
2.403 
2.006 
2.103 
2.134 
2.271 
2.073 
1.832 
2.014 



1800 



3.817 
3.733 
5.023 
4.482 
2.872 



3.763 



5.303 
3.915 
3.867 
4.197 
2,940 
2,701 
2,806 
3.968 
2.062 
3.131 
3.073 
3.127 
1.924 
3.268 
1.730 
2.972 
1.337 
2,753 
3.056 
2,566 



2,669 
2,182 
2,353 
2.489 
1.655 
2.310 
2.277 
2.246 



450 
2,387 
1,606 



1,496 
1,862 
2,178 
1.701 
1.970 
255 
2,704 
1,626 
1,682 



iSSo 



3.631 
2,603 
4.862 
4.190 
1,815 



2,716 



3.552 
3.441 
2,910 
4.197 



1.115 
2,100 
3,795 



2.525 
2.140 
2.370 
1.442 
1.673 
562 
2,531 



2.01 1 
3.144 



2.305 
2,152 
1.923 
2,060 
437 
2,1 1 1 
1. 529 
1.975 



2.071 
1.387 



512 
2.610 
2.254 

1.2S2 

1.785 

210 



1,000 
670 

135 



1870 



.3.147 
2.500 



1.237 
3.5I.S 
2.253 
4.630 



1.932 
4,925 



.180 



1.576 
1 ,240 



1.772 
1.807 



2.374 
2.353 
1.790 
1.768 

402 
2,039 
1,160 

888 



2.1 57 
057 



1.530 
1,020 



1,640 



1,489 



S8i 



1,067 



*In 1890 Saginaw and East Saginaw were consolidated. 
tPopulation figures from the Federal Census for 1910, 

Value of Agricultural Products of Michigan, Federal 

Census of 1900 and Year Book, U. S. Dept. 

of Agriculture, 1908. 



CROPS 



All crops 

All cereals 

All vegetables 

All fruits 

Hay and forage 

Com 

Wheat 

Oats 

Rye 

Buckwheat 

Potatoes 

Vegetables (misc.) 

Beans 

Sugar beets 

Peas 

Onions 

Clover seed 

Orchard products 

Small fruits and grapes 

Nursery products 

Wool 

Dairy products 

Kggs 

Honey and wax. . 
Maple syrup 



13 
4 
5 
6 

13 

10 
9 
4 
3 
3 

15 



1900 



Sy5.O05.34(> 

41 ,819,042 

1 1,098.136 

5.859.362 

21,792.987 

17.798,01 1 

12,921.025 

9.264,385 

1,03,1,416 

306,311 

6.759.342 

3.048.055 

2,361,020 

877,481 

689.133 

345.310 

290,781 

3.675. S45 

2,183.517 

338,544 

2,454.399 

16.903.087 

6,104,462 

230,012 

73.003 



190S 



S34.S9S,ooo 
38.009,000 
15,260,000 
20,505,000 
4,050,000 
527,000 
13.572,000 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF MICHIGAN 



47 



Value of Live Stock in Michigan, Federal Census of 

1900 and Year Book,U. S. Dept. of 

Agriculture, 1908. 



LIVE STOCK 



All domestic animals 
Horses and mules. . . 

Cattle 

Sheep ' 

Hogs 

Poultry 

Bees 



RANK 

OP 
STATE 



1900 



S75.997.05i 

36.067.032 

28.165,256 

7,162.664 

4,588.898 

4,551.045 



1908 



S81. 754.000 

47,296.000 

8,307.000 

9,324,000 



The Leading Manufacturing Cities of Michigan and 

Some Facts Concerning their Industries, Federal 

Census of 1900 and Census Bulletin 18, 1904.* 



Detroit 

Grand Rapids. 
Kalamazoo . . . 
Battle Creek.. 

Saginaw 

Jackson 

Lansing 

Muskegon 

Flint 

Bay City 

Delray 

Adrian 

Port Huron. . 



NUMBER 

OF 
PLANTS 



1004 
1900 
1904 
1900 
1904 
1900 
1904 
1900 
1904 
1900 
1904 
1900 
1904 
IQOO 
1904 
1900 
1904 
1900 
1904 
1900 
I 1904 
I 1900 
I 1904 
I 1900 
i 1904 

! 1900 



NUMBER 
OF WAGE 
EARNERS 



1.363 
2.847 
389 
824 
157 
268 
I 20 
177 
180 
480 
147 
291 
98 

164 
70 

200 
70 

I 54 

128 

376 

20 

"65 

166 

75 

1S6 



48.879 
45.707 
iS.7og 
14.361 

5.666 
4.203 
3.389 
2.323 
4.682 
4.866 
3.967 
4.206 
2.982 
1.57 5 

3.07 S 

3.235 
2,161 
2.186 
2.392 
3.307 
2.592 



AMOUNT 

OF WAGES 

PAID 



1.502 
1. 151 
2.679 
2.417 



22.786.576 
18.718.0S1 
7,392.748 
5.904.670 
2.561.948 
1,617,299 
1,885,984 
1.079.934 
2,095,998 
1, 936^558 
1,838,06s 
1,666,680 
1,388,542 
647,788 
1.21 I. oof 
1.185.697 
1.040,836 
895,186 
1,262,724 
1,466,328 
1. 301. 155 



VALUE 

OF 

PRODUCT 



128.761.658 

IOO.S92.838 

31,032.589 

24,824,042 

13,141.767 

8,056,908 

12,298,244 

6,753,208 

10,403,508 

10,054,499 

8,348,125 

7.587,526 

6,887.415 

2,827.842 

6.319,441 

5.097.059 

6.177,170 

5,198,827 

5,620,866 

7,087,624 

5,550,008 



625,306 

499,879 

1,384,131 

1,119,320 



4,897,426 
2,424,678 
4,789,589 
4,298,743 



♦Statistics for 1904 include only factory products; for previous 
census, all products. 

Some of the Leading Industries of Michigan and the 

Value of their Products, from the Federal Census 

of 1900 and Census Bulletin 18, 1904.* 



Total for state 

Lumber and timber 
products 

Flour and grist mill 
products 

Foundry and machine 
shop products 

Copper, smelting and 
refining 

Furniture, factory 
product 

Lumber, planing mill 
products, including 
sash ,doors ,andblinds 

Cars, steam railroad, 
not including opera- 
tions of railroad com- 
panies 

Carriages and wagons.. 

Tobacco — chewing, 
smoking; snuff, 
cigars and cigarets . . 

Printing and publish- 
ing 

Leather, tanned, cur- 
ried and finished . . . 

Chemicals 

Druggists' preparations 



( 1904 
( 1900 
j 1904 
( 1900 
j 1904 
I 1900 
j 1904 
I 1900 
1 1904 
t 1900 
I 1904 
t 1900 
j 1904 

1900 
1904 



1900 
1904 
1900 
1904 

1900 
1904 
1900 
1904 
1900 
1904 
1900 
■ 904 
1900 



NUMBER 

OP 
PLANTS 



7.446 

16,807 

766 

1,705 

405 

765 

382 

364 

3 

3 

134 

124 

246 

23s 
4 



4 
183 
299 
706 

60S 
910 
792 
25 
27 
14 
51 
20 
10 



AMOUNT 

OP W'AGES 

PAID 



OF 
PRODUCT 



$81,278,817 

66,467,867 

13,057.977 

1 1,122,030 

766,690 

718,499 

6,412,453 

6,527,496 

454.943 

364.647 

5,938.312 

4.570.713 

2.365.030 

2,012,754 
2,200,977 



1,409,580 
2,246,493 
2,028,530 
2,467,116 

1,769.055 

2,672,700 

1,978.631 

865,673 

559,142 

1,848,1 14 

1,162.634 

829.221 

546.258 



S429.039.778 
356,944,082 
40,569,335 
54,290.520 
26.512.027 
23.593.991 
22,427.265 
20,615,864 
21 ,222,217 
17.340.041 
18.421. 735 
14.614.506 
14,375.467 

12,469,532 
13,467.751 



9,920,780 
12,101 ,170 
11.205,602 
11,863,959 

9.335.027 
10,892.967 
7.484.770 
9.340.349 
6.015.590 
8.957. 16S 
5.364.724 
8.797,911 
4,921,913 



Some of the Leading IninstTies— Continued. 



INDUSTRY 



Agricultural 

implements 

Butter, cheese and con 

densed milk 

Clothing, factory made 

Paper and wood pulp . . 

Iron and steel 

Bread and other bakery 
products 

Stoves and furnaces, 
not including gas and 
oil stoves 

Malt liquors 

Automobiles 

Food preparations .... 

Beet sugar 

Cars and general shop 
construction and re- 
pairs by steam rail- 
road companies 

Slaughtering and meat 
packing, wholesale . . 

Gas, illuminating and 
heating 

Hosiery and knit goods 

Boots and shoes, fac- 
tory product ....... 

"Wirework. including 
wire rope and cable . 

Brass castings and 
brass finishings 

Shipbuilding 



1900 
■ 1904 
\ 1900 
1904 
1900 
t 1904 
! 1900 
i 1904 
[ 1900 
1 1904 



Woodenware . 
Paints 



Carriage and wagon 
materials 

Cement 



Salt 

Steam fittings and 
heating apparatus . . 

Structural ironwork . . . 
Boxes, wooden packing 
Refrigerators 



AMOUNT 

OF WAGES 

PAID 



VALUE 

OF 

PRODUCT 



42 

59 

371 

286 

82 

71 

30 

27 

15 

10 

614 

455 



42 
8 
8 
46 
38 
38 
32 
23 
13 
30 
31 
30 
23 
57 
54 
34 



13 

35 
24 
13 

41 

53 

7 

13 



46 
46 



$1,685,677 
952,636 
432,302 
222.245 

1,291 360 
893,269 

1,306,112 
700,862 

1,018.699 
941 .091 

1.031 .807 
584.995 

2,283.705 



864.115 
599.319 
970.89s 



$8,719,719 
6,339,508 
8,209,706 
3,918,99s 
7,467.393 
5.184.181 
7.340.631 
4.217.S69 
7.140.652 
5,902.058 
7,115.648 
4,098,1 28 
7,112.874 



459,526 
143.257 
581.074 
216,704 
2,496,047 



2,026,000 
217.342 
186.473 
575.168 
293.976 
769,247 
580,1 29 
681,362 
386,074 
392.300 
237.587 
755.881 
358.959 
1.06S.253 
1.343.887 
736.119 
75.263 
222.966 
1 29.690 
806.653 
498.925 
668.704 



626.026 
619.383 
692.992 
616. 3S3 
496.81 2 



571,794 
388,683 
529,927 
314,280 



6,990.251 
5,296,825 
6,876,708 

6,753.699 
1,891,516 
5.378,004 
1,602,266 
5.369,391 



4.332.927 
4.901.435 
3.724.761 
3.865.895 
1.472,737 
3,623,885 
2,701,257 
3,531,028 
I 915. 179 
3.459024 
1,394,464 
3.145.917 
I 730 273 
2,972.865 
4,432 101 
2,966.225 
209,489 
2,823,933 
I 826,742 
2,788,287 
1,767,298 
2,559.551 

2,404 717 
2.460,538 
2,329,615 
2,115,766 
2,295.869 

2,272,621 
2,287 495 
2,079.817 
1,425,876 



♦Statistics for 1904 include only factoo' products; for previous 
census, all products. 

The Principal Items of Michigan's Wealth, United 
States Bureau of Statistics, 1900- 1904. 



(a) Real property and 

improvements 

Live stock ■ ■,- ■ 

Farm implements and machinery 
Manufacturing machinery. 

tools, and implements 

Gold and silver. Coin and bullion 
(hi Railroads and their eciuip- 

ment - 

Street railways, waterworks, 

shipping, etc 

(c) Personal and other property 



Total. 



1900 



$1,618,826,259 
87,054.155 
28,795 380 

68,117,259 
46,540.881 

237.655,000 

106,625,952 
460,666.637 

$2,654,281,523 



1904 



$2,019 296,490 

123,265,031 

31,363.928 

87 255.370 
52,261.341 

277.597.000 

131. 580. 197 
SS9.799.760 



$3.282.419.1 17 



(a) Exclusive of railroad and other property which in cj-rtain 
states is classed as "real." but in the census estimate wealth is 
referred to as "personal and other. ^ • ,- u. i 

(b) Including telegraph and telephone systems electric light and 
Dower stations. Pullman and private cars, and canals. . . 

(c) Including products of agriculture manufactures and mining, 
imported merchandise, clothing and personal a<lomments, furniture, 
carriages, and other kindred property. 



THE INDEX 



The figures inclosed in parentheses refer to illustrations, all other figures refer to pages. 






Adrian. 36. 

Agricultural College, State, 2S; 

I Fig. t)o), 41. 
Agricultural products, 10; value of, 

46; region. 36. 
Agriculture, 7. 12. 13-16. 14, 21, 

}-l- 44- 

Alabaster, 19. 

Alcohol, 3(). 

Alpena, 10, 20, 40. 

Ann Arbor, U>. 

Apples, 14. .^7. 

Aurora Mine, view of (Fig. 8), 13. 

Automobiles, 21, 37. 39. 

Banks, 39. 

Battle Creek, 22, 34, 43-. map 

(Fig. Ui^, 43. 

Bay City, i s. 34. 37. ^^ \ map 

(Fig. 57). 3S; 39. 
Beaches, 1 1. 
Beans, 15. 
Beets, 38. 41. 

Beet sugar, 13; factory, 43. 44- 
Berries, 14. 
Boating, 37. 
Boundaries, early, 26. 
Breakfast foods, 22, 43. 
Bronson, 42. 
Buffalo, zz. 

Calumet Mine, 16. 

Canals, 22, i^, 24. 

Carriages, 21, 37. 39. 

Cass River, 10; map (Fig. 12), 14- 

Cattle, per square mile (Fig. 31), 
24. 

Cement, 39; amount manulac- 
tured (Fig. 42). 28; industry. 
I 7 ; works, 40. 

Cereals, 15. yield of (Fig. 20). 22. 

Charcoal, 44. ■ 

Chemicals, 21. 36. 

Chicago, 1 1. 33. 34- 

Cities and Towns, g:rowth and 
development, 30-44; popula- 
tion of, 46. 

Cities, of more than 10.000, map 
(Fig. 4S). 30. 

Clark, George Rogers, 26. 

Clay, TO. 

Cleveland, ^ \. 

Cliffs, 10; at Petoskey (Fig. n). 

14- 

Climate, 11-13. 

Coal, o. 13, 17. 19, 38; (Fig. 41). 
2S; 3S; cargoes, 44; mining. 37. 
Colleges, 28. 36, 41, 42, 43. 
Commerce, 22-25. 
Copper, 10, 16, 17, 19; (Fig. 40). 

Copper Range, 16. 

Corn, 11^. 16; per square mile 

(Fig. 33>. 25. 

Counties, Statistics by, 45. 

Deep Wells, 35. 3S; one of the 

(Fig. 50), 3S. 
Detroit, iS. 21. 22, zi^ 34- 35- 

i'i-17- 
Detroit River, map (Fig. 53). 36. 
DeWard estate, iq; (Fig. 37), 27. 
Dike, Xi'gaunee (Fig. 5). 11. 
Duluth, 34. 

Education, 27-29. 

Eggs, 15. 

English, 26. 

Escanaba, 44. 

Explorers, 22; French, 11. 

Farming district, threshing scene 
in (Fig. 35). 26; section, 41. 

Farm, land. 43; produce, 39, 41. 
products, 15. 

Farms, 44. 

Ferries, 25. 

Fish hatchery, United States, 40. 

Fishing, 44. interest, 37-- 

Flint, 39 . 



Flouring mills, 21, 36, 39. 

Forest reserve, states first. 21. 

Forests, 1 9-2 1 ; distribution o 
(Fig. 43), 28. 

Fort Wayne, 1 1. 

Foundry and machine-shop out- 
put, 2 [ . 

Freight, 24; comparison of foreign 
and domestic (Fig. 47). 29. 

Freight boat, of the (>reat Lakes 
(Fig. 39). 27. 

French, 26. 

Fniit, 15. 40; raising. 14; small 
13; yield of small (Fig. 23). 21. 

Fruit belt of the state, 13. 

Fruit-growing district, 43. 

Furnittire, 22, making. 40. 43. 

Game, 7- 

Garden seeds, 36. 

Glaciers, 1 1 . 

Gogebic iron-mining region, 44. 

Goguac, Lake, 43. 

Government, organization of 

county, map (Fig. 52). 35. 
Grain, 36, 4^. 
Grand Rapids, 21. 22. },a,. map 

(Fig. 59). 40; 4'- 
Grand River Valley Towns, 40-42. 
Grand Traverse Bay, 10. 
Granite, 9. 

Grapes, 14; >'ield of (Fig. 24), 21. 
Gravel, ro, glacial, 43. 
Great Lakes, 11. 12: older, \ i . 
Greenstone schist (Fig. 4), 10. 
Gypsum, 9, 19, 41. 

Hay, IS. 16, ig, 44. 

Hecla Mine, t6. 

Hemlock, ig, 20. 

Hills, 10. 

History, 25-27- 

Hogs, per square mile (Fig. 2g), 2^. 

Holland, 43. 

Houghton, Douglas, 28. 

Ice sheets, 10, 11. 
Indians, 26. 
Industries, 47. 

Iron, 10, 16. 17, 21, 22, 39; (Fig. 

38), 27; 44; mines, 44; region. 

16. 44. 
Iron Mountain, 44. 
Ironwood, 44. 

Iron works, Manistee. 43, 44. 
Ishpeming, 44. 

Jack Pine Plains, 21. 

Jackson, 34. 4'. niap (Fig. 61), 

41 ; 43. 
Jacksonburg, 41. 

Kalamazoo, 22, 34, 35; map (Fig. 

62). 42. 
Kalamazoo Valley, Towns of the, 

42-4;. 
Keweenaw Peninsula. lO. 

Lakelets, 10, 1 7. 

Lake Michigan Towns, 43-44. 

Lakes, 7. 12. m- 

Lansing, 21. 41. 

Limestones, 9, 17. 

Live stock, 47- 

Locks, 22, 23; (Fig. 64). 44. 

Logs, 40. 

Ludington, iS. 

Limiber, 19, 20, 21, 36, 37. 38, 50. 

40, cut, map (Fig. 45), 20; 

town, 43. 
Limibering, 18, 20, 21, 44. 

Mackinac Island, 11. 
Manistee, is. 43. 
Manufactures, 21-22. 
Manufacturing cities, leading. 47; 

states, 21. 
Marquette, 44; iron-mining region, 

44- 

Marquette's route, i. 

Maimiee River, 10; (Fig. 12), 14. 



Maybee, 10. 
Meat, 15, 36. 
Menominee, 43. 
Milk. 15. 

Mills, tlouring, 21, 36, 39. 
Milwaukee, 33. 34. 
Mineral products (Fig. 44). 2S; 
resources, map of (Fig. 16), 17. 
Minerals, 16-19. 
Mine, view of (Fig. S). 13. 
Mines, 10, 16. 
Mining, \-,, 19; SL-hool, 28. 
Muskegon, 43. 

Navigation on the Lakes, 24. 
Negaunee, dike (Fig. 5), 1 1 ; street 

(Fig. 3), 10. 
Nicollet, II. 
Nipissing, Lake, 11. 
Normal schools, 28. 44. 
North Channel, scene in (Fig. 6). 

I r . 

Northern Peninsula, drainage of. 

I I , map (Fig. 49"), 31; towns of, 
45- 

Northwest Territory (Fig. 36), 26. 

Oats, 15. 16; per square mile (Fig. 

3^). 24- 
Oil wells, 37- 
Old Hudson Bay Post (Fig. 15). 

16. 
Orchard, scene in a peach (Fig. 

25), 21. 
Ores, 7. 10. 24. 
Oswego-Albany outlet, n. 
Owosso, 40. 

Paper, 42, 44- 

Parks, Detroit. 36; Grand Rapids, 

40; Kalamazoo, 42; Saginaw, 

37. 39. 
Peaches, 14-37- 
Peach orchard, scene in a (Fig. 

25). 21. 
Peppermint, 1 5 . 
Petoskey, view of cliffs (Fig. n), 

14. 
Physical map (Fig. 7), 12. 
Pine, 20; woods. 19. 
Pines (Fig. 37>. 27; Jack (Fig. s^). 

39- 

Point aux Barques (Fig. 10), 13. 

Political map (Fig. 2), 8-g. 

Pontiac, ^lO. 

Population, 7, 15, 33; by decades, 
40. distribution and density of. 
map (Fig. 51), 34; foreign-born. 
46; growth of (Fig. 28), 22 , 
native-bom, 46 ; of cities and 
towns, 46 ; spread of. 27. 

Portage, ii; (Fig. 14"), 16. 

Portage sites (Fig. 13), 15. 

Port Huron, 37- 

Potatoes, IS, 16; per square mile 
(Fig. 34). 25. 

Poultry, 15- 

Printing presses, 43. 

Pumps, 3^- 



Rainfall, 7, 12. 

19. 



map (Fig. 19). 



Resort, summer. 36. 

Resources, 7. 

Rock Falls (Fig. g), 13. 

Rocks, 0. 10. coal-bearing, 1 8 , 

distribution of hard old, map 

(Fig. 1), 7; hard, 16. 
Rock salt, 9- 
Rocky hill (Fig. 4). lo. 
Rye, 3 7- 

Saginaw, 18, 34, 35, 37; map (Fig. 

5.0. 37. 
Saginaw Bay, 10. 
Saginaw River, 10, 39. 
Saginaw Valley, 13. 20. 
Saginaw Valley and Lake Huron 

Towns, ^7-40. 
St. Clair Lake, 12. 
St. Clair tunnel, 37. 
St. Joseph River, 11; (Fig. 12). 

14. 



St. Lawrence drainage, map (Fig. 

1 ,3 ) . 15. 
St. Lawrence passage, 11. 
St. Marys River, 1 1. 22. 
Salt, i,s, 37. ,^S; (Fig. 46), 29. 
Salt-producing district, 43. 
Salzburg, ;S. 
Sand, I n; spit. 44. 
Sandstones, u. 45. 
Sault Ste. Marie. 11, 22. 44; Old 

Hudson Bay Post at (Fig. 15), 

16. 
Sawmills, 43. 
Schools, 27, 28, 29. 
Settlements, 25. 
Shales, 9. 
Sheboygan, 20. 
Sheep, per square mile (Fig. 30), 

23- 

Shoes, 44. 

Soil, 7. 9. 43- 

Soo, 23. 

Soo Canal, 44; locks (Fig. 64). 44. 

Soutliern Peninsula, map of (Fig. 
50). ;2-.;3. 

State Agricultural College (Fig. 
f.o), 41 

State Commissions, geological sur- 
vey. 28; forestry, 29; fish, 29. 

State University, law building 
(Fig. 54). 37. 

Statistics and Aids to Teachers, 

45-47- 

Steam pumps, 43. 

Steel works, 44. 

Stones, g, 43. 

Sugar beets, 13; field of (Fig. 20). 

20; production of and factories 

(Fig. 21), 20. 
Sugar crop (Fig. 22), 21. 
Summer, a hot day in, map (Fig. 

17). iS. 
Surface and Drainage, 7-1 1. 

Temagami Region (Fig. 14), 16. 
Temperature, ir, 12, 13; summer, 

a hot day in, map (Fig. 17), 

iS; winter, a cold day in, map 

(Fig. iS). iS. 
Threshing machines, 22; scene 

(Fig. r^). 20:43. 
Thumb, The, 10. 
Timber, 43. 44. 
Tittabawassee River, 10; (Fig. 12). 

14. 
Tobacco, 36. 
Toledo, ii. 
Toronto, n. 
Traction engines, 43. 
Trails, French. 25. 
Transportation, 24; of goods, 22; 

lines (Fig. lO), 17. 
Traverse City, 43. 
Trenton, 10. 
Turpentine, i^. 

University of Michigan, 2 7 ; rank 
of, 28. 

Village, 30- 

Waterfalls, 10. 

Water power, 42; Menominee, 44; 

Saginaw, 40; Sault Ste. Marie, 

44- 
Water supply, Battle Creek, 43; 

Bay City, 35; Detroit, 35; 

Grand Rapids, 41", Kalamazoo. 

35, 42; Lansing, 41; &larquette, 

36; Saginaw, 35. ?>^^ 30. 
Wealth of state, 27, principal 

items of. 47. 
Wenona, ^S. 
West Bay City, 39- 
West Superior, u- 
Wheat, IS. 10, 37; yield of (Fig- 

27). 22. 
Winds, 12. \\, 14. 
Winter, a cold day in, map (Fig. 

is\ 18. 
Wool. 15. 36. 
Woolen mills, i^;). 



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